Comparison of lipophilic and size-exclusion membranes: creating sink conditions with cyclodextrin: Original scientific article

Petra Tőzsér; Szabina Kádár; Edina Szabó; Hajnalka Pataki; Péter Sóti; Péter Laczay; György Tibor Balogh; Bálint Sinkó; Eniko Borbas

doi:10.5599/admet.2859

Authors

Petra Tőzsér Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem Quay, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4725-8884
Szabina Kádár Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem Quay, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-2145
Edina Szabó Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem Quay, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-5122
Hajnalka Pataki Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem Quay, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8103-0601
Péter Sóti Lavet Pharmaceutical Ltd., 6 Batthyány Street., H-2143, Kistarcsa, Hungary https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6765-9047
Péter Laczay Lavet Pharmaceutical Ltd., 6 Batthyány Street., H-2143, Kistarcsa, Hungary https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2578-5604
György Tibor Balogh Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, 9 Hőgyes Endre Street., H-1092, Budapest, Hungary; Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, 26 Üllői Street., H-1085, Budapest, Hungary and Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem Quay., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8273-1760
Bálint Sinkó Pion Inc., Billerica, 10 Cook Street, Massachusetts 01821, USA https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8256-4348
Eniko Borbas Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 3 Műegyetem Quay, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-9978

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2859

Keywords:

Unstirred water layer, solubility, supersaturation ratio, carvedilol

Abstract

Background and purpose: The effective transport of an active pharmaceutical ingredient across various membrane systems is critical for enhancing its bioavailability, especially in formulations involving solubilizing agents. This study aims to investigate the permeability differences of carvedilol between lipophilic (organic solvent) and size-exclusion membranes in the presence of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in just the acceptor compartment or both sides of the membrane using in vitro side-by-side diffusion cell assays. Experimental approach: Cyclodextrins (CDs) on the acceptor side significantly improved flux and permeability for the lipophilic membrane. In contrast, with size-exclusion membranes that allow the permeation of CDs and their complexes, the benefits of sink conditions were completely diminished. When the same amount of CD was introduced on both sides, the negative effect of CD on the donor side surpassed the positive sink effects on the acceptor side, resulting in reduced flux and permeability across all membrane types. Key results: A novel aspect of this work is the assessment of the applicability of a previously described general mathematical equation for sink conditions. Findings indicated that the supersaturation ratio between donor and acceptor compartments serves as the primary driving force of the membrane transport. For the lipophilic membrane, CDs on the acceptor side not only influenced the driving force of the transport by enhancing the solubility of carvedilol in the acceptor compartment but also altered the proportionality coefficient, hence modifying the apparent thickness of the unstirred water layer. The impact was not observed with size-exclusion membranes. The applicability of the mathematical model was additionally evaluated for CD placed on both sides of the membrane. Conclusion: The model effectively describes the impact of CD placed on the donor side when the solid membrane permits only the drug’s permeation, as in the case of a lipophilic membrane, where the solubilizing additive cannot pass through. It is also applicable when the solubilizing additive permeates slowly and has minimal influence on transport, such as with a size-exclusion membrane with a 1 kDa molecular weight cut-off. The model remains suitable if the additive is small enough in hydrodynamic size to permeate the membrane, but no concentration gradient exists to drive its transport, for example, with a 6 kDa size-exclusion membrane containing the same CD concentration on both sides of the membrane.

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