Transition metal oxide-modified carbon electrodes: A comprehensive review on surface area modulation and Randles-Ševčik electrochemical insights

Review paper

Authors

  • Kruthika Manohara Sakamma Laboratory of Quantum Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi 590018, India and Laboratory of Quantum Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560064, India https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1391-636X
  • Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash Laboratory of Quantum Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi 590018, India and Laboratory of Quantum Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560064, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-7815

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2973

Keywords:

Transition metals, electrode modifiers, electrocatalysts, cyclic voltammetry, surface area assessment

Abstract

The exceptional catalytic properties of transition metal electrocatalysts, including high activity, stability, electronic properties, and selectivity in various electrochemical processes, make them essential in electrochemistry. The combination of these electrocatalysts with carbon-based interfaces improves their performance by providing increased electrical conductivity, greater surface areas, and robust structural support. Expanding the electrode area by offering more active sites for the processes and boosting efficiency increases the catalytic activity. This review emphasizes the importance of maximizing electrode surface area and the variations in transition metal oxides (TMOs) with carbon interfaces to achieve excellent performance in various electrochemical applications. Special focus is given to the Randles-Ševčik equation as a fundamental tool for evaluating the electroactive surface area and charge transfer properties of TMO-modified electrodes. Furthermore, the review discusses the influence of structural modifications on catalytic performance. By summarizing recent advancements and challenges, this study aims to provide a comprehensive under­standing of the potential of transition metal oxides as efficient electrocatalysts for sustainable energy and sensing applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] S. Mishra, S. K. Parida, Perovskite Metal Oxides, Elsevier, 2023, p. 55-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99529-0.00002-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99529-0.00002-3

[2] C. N. R. Rao, Transition Metal Oxides, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 40 (1989) 291-326. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.40.100189.001451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.40.1.291

[3] T. Noor, L. Yaqoob, N. Iqbal, Recent Advances in Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Evolution Reaction using Noble‐Metal, Transition‐Metal, and Carbon‐Based Materials, ChemElectroChem 8 (2021) 447-483. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001441

[4] R. R. Pandey, C. C. Chusuei, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Carbon Dots as Electro-chemical Biosensing Composites, Molecules 26 (2021) 6674. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216674

[5] P. Gaikwad, N. Tiwari, R. Kamat, S. M. Mane, S. B. Kulkarni, A comprehensive review on the progress of transition metal oxides materials as a supercapacitor electrode, Material Science and Engineering: B 307 (2024) 117544. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117544 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117544

[6] C. A. Zito, M. O. Orlandi, D. P. Volanti, Accelerated microwave-assisted hydrothermal/solvothermal processing: Fundamentals, morphologies, and applications, Jornal of Electroceramics 40 (2018) 271-292. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10832-018-0128-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-018-0128-z

[7] S. H. Badruhisham, A. M. Shaiful Bahari, S. A. Biyamin, N. A. Arifin, N. G. Peng, Wet Chemical Synthesis of Anode Reforming Layer in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Comprehensive Review of Sol-Gel, Co-Precipitation and Combustion Synthesis, International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials IJNeaM 17 (2024) 363-379. https://dx.doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17i3.1113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58915/ijneam.v17i3.1113

[8] F. Nacimiento, R. Alcántara, J. R. González, J. L. Tirado, Electrodeposited Polyacrylonitrile and Cobalt-Tin Composite Thin Film on Titanium Substrate, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159 (2012) A1028-A1033. https://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.054207jes DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.054207jes

[9] G. Zhuang, J. Yan, Y. Wen, Z. Zhuang, Y. Yu, Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Oxides and Chalcogenides for Advanced Photocatalysis: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities, Solar RRL 5 (2021) 2000403. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000403

[10] G. Maduraiveeran, M. Sasidharan, W. Jin, Earth-abundant transition metal and metal oxide nanomaterials: Synthesis and electrochemical applications, Progress in Materials Science 106 (2019) 100574. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100574

[11] J. Pan, C. Li, Y. Peng, L. Wang, B. Li, M. Song, Application of transition metal (Ni, Co and Zn) oxides based electrode materials for ion-batteries and supercapacitors, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 18 (2023) 100233. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100233

[12] R. S. Kate, S. A. Khalate, R. J. Deokate, Overview of nanostructured metal oxides and pure nickel oxide (NiO) electrodes for supercapacitors: A review, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 734 (2018) 89-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.262

[13] Z. Zhang, J. Liu, J. Gu, L. Su, L. Cheng, An overview of metal oxide materials as electrocatalysts and supports for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Energy & Environmental Science 7 (2014) 2535-2558. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3EE43886D DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE43886D

[14] N. S. Prinith, J. G. Manjunatha, Surfactant modified electrochemical sensor for determination of Anthrone - A cyclic voltammetry, Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (2019) 408-416. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.05.004

[15] P. A. Pushpanjali, J. G. Manjunatha, M. T. Srinivas, Highly sensitive platform utilizing poly(l-methionine) layered carbon nanotube paste sensor for the determination of voltaren, FlatChem 24 (2020) 100207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2020.100207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2020.100207

[16] N. S. Prinith, J. G. Manjunatha, N. Hareesha, Electrochemical validation of L-tyrosine with dopamine using composite surfactant modified carbon nanotube electrode, Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 18 (2021) 3493-3503. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02283-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02283-z

[17] Ş. Neaţu, F. Neaţu, I. M. Chirica, I. Borbáth, E. Tálas, A. Tompos, S. Somacescu, P. Osiceanu, M. A. Folgado, A. M. Chaparro, M. Florea, Recent progress in electrocatalysts and electrodes for portable fuel cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry: A 9 (2021) 17065-17128. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D1TA03644K DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA03644K

[18] Y. Cao, Y. He, H. Gang, B. Wu, L. Yan, D. Wei, H. Wang, Stability study of transition metal oxide electrode materials, Journal of Power Sources 560 (2023) 232710. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232710

[19] K. Pineda-Urbina, G. K. Jayaprakash, R. Flores-Moreno, U. G. Reyes-Leaño, Z. Gómez-Sandoval, J. M. Flores-Álvarez, H. N. González-Ramírez, B. Rikhari, Exploring the adsorption behavior of N-octyl pyridinium ionic liquids on graphene: Insights into reactivity and stability, Journal of Ionic Liquids 5 (2025) 100155. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jil.2025.100155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jil.2025.100155

[20] Q. Wang, Y. Cheng, H. B. Tao, Y. Liu, X. Ma, D.-S. Li, Long‐Term Stability Challenges and Opportunities in Acidic Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis, Angewandte Chemie 135 (2023) e202216645. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202216645 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202216645

[21] P. Anandhi, V. J. Senthil Kumar, S. Harikrishnan, Improved electrochemical behavior of metal oxides-based nanocomposites for supercapacitor, Functional Materials Letters 12 (2019) 1950064. https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S1793604719500644 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793604719500644

[22] G. K. Jayaprakash, Pre-post redox electron transfer regioselectivity at the alanine modified nano graphene electrode interface, Chemical Physics Letters 789 (2022) 139295. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139295

[23] J. Zhang, Y. Cui, G. Shan, Metal oxide nanomaterials for pseudocapacitors, arXiv (2019) https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1905.01766

[24] G. Tatrari, M. Ahmed, F. U. Shah, Synthesis, thermoelectric and energy storage performance of transition metal oxides composites, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 498 (2024) 215470. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215470 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215470

[25] A. Borenstein, O. Hanna, R. Attias, S. Luski, T. Brousse, D. Aurbach, Carbon-based composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes: a review, Journal of Materials Chemistry: A 5 (2017) 12653-12672. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00863E DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00863E

[26] D. S. Edwin, J. G. Manjunatha, C. Raril, T. Girish, D. K. Ravishankar, H. J. Arpitha, Electrochemical analysis of indigo carmine using polyarginine modified carbon paste electrode, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 11 (2021) https://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.953 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.953

[27] G. K. Jayaprakash, K. Mohanty, Advanced Electrochemical Detection of Tetrabromobisphenol A and Hexabromocyclododecane via Modified Carbon Electrodes with Inorganic Nanoparticles: A Short Review, Electrochem 5 (2024) 314-329. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030020

[28] G. K. Jayaprakash, B. E. Kumara Swamy, S. Rajendrachari, S. C. Sharma, R. Flores-Moreno, Dual descriptor analysis of cetylpyridinium modified carbon paste electrodes for ascorbic acid sensing applications, Journal of Molecular Liquids 334 (2021) 116348. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116348

[29] K. M. Sakamma, G. K. Jayaprakash, P. Naik, K. Mohanty, Electrocatalytic Redox Behavior of Endosulfan on Carbon-Based Sensors: An Experimental and Theoretical Study, Topics in Catalysis 68 (2025) 126–133. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-025-02086-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-025-02086-z

[30] R. Li, Y. Li, P. Yang, D. Wang, H. Xu, B. Wang, F. Meng, J. Zhang, M. An, Electrodeposition: Synthesis of advanced transition metal-based catalyst for hydrogen production via electrolysis of water, Journal of Energy Chemistry 57 (2021) 547-566. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.08.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.08.040

[31] M. Aliofkhazraei, F. C. Walsh, G. Zangari, H. Köçkar, M. Alper, C. Rizal, L. Magagnin, V. Protsenko, R. Arunachalam, A. Rezvanian, A. Moein, S. Assareh, M. H. Allahyarzadeh, Development of electrodeposited multilayer coatings: A review of fabrication, microstructure, properties and applications, Applied Surface Science Advances 6 (2021) 100141. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100141

[32] G. K. Jayaprakash, R. Flores-Moreno, B. E. Kumara Swamy, K. Mohanty, P. Dhiman, Pre/post electron transfer regioselectivity at glycine modified graphene electrode interface for voltammetric sensing applications, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 12 (2022) 1001-1008. https://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1438

[33] J. E. B. Randles, A cathode ray polarograph. Part II—The current-voltage curves, Transactions of the Faraday Society 44 (1948) 327-338. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/TF9484400327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/TF9484400327

[34] A. Ševčík, Oscillographic polarography with periodical triangular voltage, Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 13 (1948) 349-377. https://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19480349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19480349

[35] S. Cheng, Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, Z. Sun, P. Cui, J. Zhang, X. Hua, Q. Su, J. Fu, E. Xie, Energizing Fe₂O₃-based supercapacitors with tunable surface pseudocapacitance via physical spatial-confining strategy, The Chemical Engineering Journal 406 (2021) 126875. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126875

[36] R. Suresh, A. Vijayaraj, K. Giribabu, R. Manigandan, R. Prabu, A. Stephen, E. Thirumal, V. Narayanan, Fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles: magnetic and electrochemical sensing property, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 24 (2013) 1256-1263. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0916-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-012-0916-1

[37] R. Nehru, C.-D. Dong, C.-W. Chen, Cobalt-Doped Fe₃O₄ Nanospheres Deposited on Graphene Oxide as Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing of the Antibiotic Drug, ACS Applied Nano Materials 4 (2021) 6768-6777. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c00826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c00826

[38] M. Zhu, J. Kan, J. Pan, W. Tong, Q. Chen, J. Wang, S. Li, One-pot hydrothermal fabrication of α-Fe₂O₃@C nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage, Journal of Energy Chemistry 28 (2019) 1-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.09.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.09.021

[39] A. Sharma, D. Baral, H. B. Bohidar, P. R. Solanki, Oxalic acid capped iron oxide nanorods as a sensing platform, Chemico-Biological Interactions 238 (2015) 129-137. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.020

[40] Y. Kong, T. Wu, D. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, B. Du, Q. Wei, An electrochemical sensor based on Fe₃O₄@PANI nanocomposites for sensitive detection of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, Analytical Methods 10 (2018) 4784-4792. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8AY01245H DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AY01245H

[41] N. M. Nor, K. A. Razak, Z. Lockman, Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-modified Electrode for Amperometric Glucose Detection, Electrochimica Acta 248 (2017) 160-168. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.097

[42] U. Chinonso, H. K. Jeong, Thermally Reduced Graphite-Oxide and Iron-Oxide Composite for Supercapacitor Applications, New Physics: Sae Mulli 70 (2020) 239-244. https://dx.doi.org/10.3938/NPSM.70.239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3938/NPSM.70.239

[43] H. Wang, S. Liu, X. Yang, R. Yuan, Y. Chai, Mixed-phase iron oxide nanocomposites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources 276 (2015) 170-175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.130

[44] I. C. Lekshmi, I. Rudra, R. Pillai, C. Sarika, M. S. Shivakumar, C. Shivakumara, S. B. Konwar, B. Narasimhamurthy, Enhanced catechol biosensing on metal oxide nanocrystal sensitized graphite nanoelectrodes through preferential molecular adsorption, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 867 (2020) 114190. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114190

[45] M. N. Ranku, G. E. Uwaya, O. E. Fayemi, Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe₃O₄/SPEEK Modified Electrode, Molecules 26 (2021) 5357. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175357

[46] R. Sharma, R. K. Sinha, V. V. Agrawal, Electroactive Prussian Blue Encapsulated Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Mediator‐Free Cholesterol Estimation, Electroanalysis 26 (2014) 1551-1559. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400050

[47] M. A. Gross, S. G. C. Moreira, M. A. Pereira-da-Silva, F. F. Sodré, L. G. Paterno, Multilayered iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrode for voltammetric sensing of bisphenol-A in lake water and thermal paper samples, Science of the Total Environment 763 (2021) 142985. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142985

[48] Y. Liu, H. Liao, Y. Zhou, Y. Du, C. Wei, J. Zhao, S. Sun, J. S. C. Loo, Z. J. Xu, Fe₂O₃ Nanoparticle/SWCNT Composite Electrode for Sensitive Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydroquinone, Electrochimica Acta 180 (2015) 1059-1067. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.046

[49] Y. K. Weng, A. R. M. Rosli, F. Yusoff, Magnetite Graphene for Electrochemical Determination of Uric Acid, The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 23 (2019) 403-422. https://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2019-2303-05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2019-2303-05

[50] N. P. Shetti, S. J. Malode, D. S. Nayak, R. R. Naik, G. T. Kuchinad, K. R. Reddy, S. S. Shukla, T. M. Aminabhavi, Hetero-nanostructured iron oxide and bentonite clay composite assembly for the determination of an antiviral drug acyclovir, Microchemical Journal 155 (2020) 104727. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104727

[51] F. Mousavi, A. A. Taherpour, A carbon nanotube-iron (III) oxide nanocomposite as a cathode in dye-sensitized solar cells: Computational modeling and electrochemical investigations, Electrochimica Acta 318 (2019) 617-624. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.06.104

[52] J. Singh, P. Kalita, M. K. Singh, B. D. Malhotra, Nanostructured nickel oxide-chitosan film for application to cholesterol sensor, Applied Physics Letters 98 (2011) 123702. https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3553765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3553765

[53] A. Naeemy, A. Mohammadi, N. Assi, Voltammetric determination of paracetamol at NiO nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode in bulk and tablet dosage forms, Journal of Analytical Chemistry 72 (2017) 783-792. https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1061934817070024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934817070024

[54] P. Kumar, M. Aslam, S. Ali, K. Hamdy, K. Ahmad, Danishuddin, Progress in NiO Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Applications, Biosensors 15 (2025) 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15100678 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15100678

[55] R. H. Tammam, M. M. Saleh, On the electrocatalytic urea oxidation on nickel oxide nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 794 (2017) 189-196. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.023

[56] G. Aydoğdu, D. K. Zeybek, B. Zeybek, Ş. Pekyardımcı, Electrochemical sensing of NADH on NiO nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode and fabrication of ethanol dehydrogenase-based biosensor, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 43 (2013) 523-531. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-013-0536-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-013-0536-3

[57] N. F. Atta, A. H. Ibrahim, A. Galal, Nickel oxide nanoparticles/ionic liquid crystal modified carbon composite electrode for determination of neurotransmitters and paracetamol, New Journal of Chemistry 40 (2016) 662-673. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ01804H DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ01804H

[58] K. Annadurai, V. Sudha, G. Murugadoss, R. Thangamuthu, Electrochemical sensor based on hydrothermally prepared nickel oxide for the determination of 4-acetaminophen in paracetamol tablets and human blood serum samples, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 852 (2021) 156911. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156911 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156911

[59] A. Roychoudhury, S. Basu, S. K. Jha, Dopamine biosensor based on surface functionalized nanostructured nickel oxide platform, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 84 (2016) 72-81. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.061

[60] A. S. Danial, M. M. Saleh, S. A. Salih, M. I. Awad, On the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles by sol-gel technique and its electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose, Journal of Power Sources 293 (2015) 101-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.024

[61] K. Yadav, J. Singh, V. V. Agrawal, B. D. Malhotra, Nanostructured nickel oxide film for application to fish freshness biosensor, Applied Physics Letters 101 (2012) 023703. https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4736578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4736578

[62] M. Khairy, H. A. Ayoub, C. E. Banks, Non-enzymatic electrochemical platform for parathion pesticide sensing based on nanometer-sized nickel oxide modified screen-printed electrodes, Food Chem 255 (2018) 104-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.004

[63] O. E. Fayemi, A. S. Adekunle, E. E. Ebenso, Electrochemical determination of serotonin in urine samples based on metal oxide nanoparticles/MWCNT on modified glassy carbon electrode, Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 13 (2017) 17-27. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.01.005

[64] Q. Zhang, K. Zhang, D. Xu, G. Yang, H. Huang, F. Nie, C. Liu, S. Yang, CuO nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, growth mechanisms, fundamental properties, and applications, Progress in Materials Science 60 (2014) 208-337. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.09.003

[65] K. Borgohain, J. B. Singh, M. V. Rama Rao, T. Shripathi, S. Mahamuni, Quantum size effects in CuO nanoparticles, Physical Review B 61 (2000) 11093-11096. https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.61.11093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.61.11093

[66] R. Shashanka, B. E. Kumara Swamy, Simultaneous electro-generation and electro-deposition of copper oxide nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrode and its sensor application, SN Applied Science 2 (2020) 956. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2785-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2785-1

[67] S. Naz, A. Gul, M. Zia, R. Javed, Synthesis, biomedical applications, and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 107 (2023) 1039-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12364-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12364-z

[68] W. Jia, M. Guo, Z. Zheng, T. Yu, Y. Wang, E. G. Rodriguez, Y. Lei, Vertically aligned CuO nanowires based electrode for amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide, Electroanalysis 20 (2008) 2153-2157. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200804299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200804299

[69] F. Ghasemi, M. Salehi, Novel method for the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: Application of synthesized CuO nanoparticles for fabrication of bisphenol an electrochemical sensor, Analytical & Bioanalytical Electrochemistry 10 (2018) 930-942.

[70] Z. Yin, L. Liu, Z. Yang, An amperometric sensor for hydrazine based on nano-copper oxide modified electrode, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 15 (2011) 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1161-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1161-2

[71] U. Choudhury, L. Soler, J. G. Gibbs, S. Sanchez, P. Fischer, Surface roughness-induced speed increase for active Janus micromotors, Chemical Communications 51 (2015) 8660-8663. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CC01607J DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC01607J

[72] H. N. Jayasimha, K. G. Chandrappa, P. F. Sanaulla,V. G. Dileepkumar, Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: A promising material for photocatalysis and electrochemical sensor. Sensors International 5 (2024) 100254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2023.100254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2023.100254

[73] V. B. Patil, S. J. Malode, S. N. Mangasuli, S. M. Tuwar, K. Mondal, N. P. Shetti, An electrochemical electrode to detect theophylline based on copper oxide nanoparticles composited with graphene oxide, Micromachines 13 (2022) 1166. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13081166

[74] P. Gao, D. Liu, Facile synthesis of copper oxide nanostructures and their application in non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensing, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 208 (2015) 346-354. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.11.051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.11.051

[75] I. Mihailova, V. Gerbreders, M. Krasovska, E. Sledevskis, V. Mizers, A. Bulanovs, A. Ogurcovs, A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (2022) 424-436. https://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.35

[76] R. Balaji, X.-H. Zheng, S.-M. Chen, V. Renganathan, The copper oxide nanoflakes modified electrodes for selective and real time electrochemical sensing of caffeine, Inorganic Chemistry Communications 118 (2020) 108014. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108014

[77] Ş. U. Karabiberoğlu, Sensitive voltammetric determination of bisphenol A based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with copper oxide-zinc oxide decorated on graphene oxide, Electroanalysis 31 (2019) 91-102. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201800415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201800415

[78] T. K. Aparna, R. Sivasubramanian, M. A. Dar, One-pot synthesis of Au-Cu₂O/rGO nanocomposite based electrochemical sensor for selective and simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 741 (2018) 1130-1141. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.205

[79] F. Hasanpour, M. Taei, M. Fouladgar, A voltammetric sensor based on spinel-structured copper ferrite nanoparticles multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified carbon paste electrode for determination of dacarbazine, Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 54 (2018) 70-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1023193517110040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193517110040

[80] V. Saumya, K. P. Prathish, T. P. Rao, In situ copper oxide modified molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film based voltammetric sensor for selective recognition of tyrosine, Talanta 85 (2011) 1056-1062. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.025

[81] B. Muthukutty, J. Ganesamurthi, S.-M. Chen, B. Arumugam, F. M. Chang, S. M. Wabaidur, Z. A. Alothman, T. Altalhi, M. A. Ali, Construction of novel binary metal oxides: Copper oxide-tin oxide nanoparticles regulated for selective and nanomolar level electrochemical detection of anti-psychotic drug, Electrochimica Acta 386 (2021) 138482. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138482

[82] M. Kumar, B. E. Kumara Swamy, B. Hu, M. Wang, G. Yasin, B. Liang, H. D. Madhuchandra, W. Zhao, Electrochemical activation of copper oxide decorated graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode surface for the simultaneous determination of hazardous di-hydroxybenzene isomers, Microchemical Journal 168 (2021) 106503. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106503

[83] S. Sakthinathan, T. Kokulnathan, S.-M. Chen, R. Karthik, P. Tamizhdurai, T.-W. Chiu, K. Shanthi, Simple sonochemical synthesis of cupric oxide sphere decorated reduced graphene oxide composite for the electrochemical detection of flutamide drug in biological samples, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 166 (2019) B68-B75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0561902jes DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0561902jes

[84] K. V. Özdokur, Voltammetric determination of isoniazid drug in various matrix by using CuOx decorated MW‐CNT modified glassy carbon electrode, Electroanalysis 32 (2020) 489-495. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201900307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201900307

[85] M. Daizy, C. Tarafder, M. R. Al-Mamun, X. Liu, M. A. S. Aly, M. Z. H. Khan, Electrochemical detection of melamine by using reduced graphene oxide-copper nanoflowers modified glassy carbon electrode, ACS Omega 4 (2019) 20324-20329 https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02827

[86] K. Karami, A. R. Allafchian, R. Amiri, F. Shirani, P. Bayat, B. Rezaei, Glassy carbon electrode mo¬dified by new Copper(I) oxide nanocomposite for glucose detection: An electroanalysis study, Applied Organometallic Chemistry 33 (2019) e4834. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4834

[87] T. Ouiram, C. Moonla, A. Preechaworapun, T. Tangkuaram, Enzyme-free Cu₂O@MnO₂/GCE for hydrogen peroxide sensing, Electroanalysis 31 (2019) 1356-1362. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201800897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201800897

[88] H. F. Assaf, H. Salah, N. Hashem, M. Khodari, A. Toghan, Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on copper waste wire recycling and its application, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 331 (2021) 112962. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.112962 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2021.112962

[89] P. Chen, R. L. McCreery, Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Supported Cobalt Oxide for Sensitive Determination of Dopamine in Presence of High Level Ascorbic Acid, Analytical Chemistry 68 (1996) 3958-3965. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac960492r DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac960492r

[90] P. Norouzi, B. Larijani, M. R. Ganjali, F. Faridbod, Admittometric Electrochemical Determination of Atrazine by Nano-composite immune-biosensor using FFT-Square wave Voltammetry, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 7 (2012) 10414-10426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)16873-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)16873-8

[91] Q. Liu, Q. Zhou, G. Jiang, Nanomaterials for analysis and monitoring of emerging chemical pollutants, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 58 (2014) 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.014

[92] C. S. Jincy, P. Meena, Synthesis, characterization, and NH3 gas sensing application of Zn doped cobalt oxide nanoparticles, Inorganic Chemistry Communications 120 (2020) 108145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108145

[93] S. K. Hassaninejad-Darzi, M. Rahimnejad, M. Gholami-Esfidvajani, Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formaldehyde onto Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Nickel Decorated Nanoporous Cobalt-Nickel Phosphate Molecular Sieve for Fuel Cell, Fuel Cells 16 (2016) 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201500118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201500118

[94] V. Usai, T. Mugadza, F. Chigondo, M. Shumba, T. Nharingo, M. Moyo, P. Tshuma, Synthesis and characterisation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide and its electrocatalytic behaviour, Polyhedron, 157 (2019) 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2018.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2018.10.002

[95] S. Yasmin, M. S. Ahmed, D. Park, S. Jeon, Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Supported Cobalt Oxide for Sensitive Determination of Dopamine in Presence of High level Ascorbic Acid, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163 (2016) B491-B498. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1041609jes DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1041609jes

[96] N. Manjula, V. Vinothkumar, S.-M. Chen, A. Sangili, Simultaneous and sensitive detection of dopamine and uric acid based on cobalt oxide-decorated graphene oxide composite, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31 (2020) 12595-12607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03810-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03810-z

[97] L. Wang, X. Lu, Y. Ye, L. Sun, Y. Song, Nickel-cobalt nanostructures coated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrode for nonenzymatic glucose biosensing, Electrochimica Acta 114 (2013) 484-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.125

[98] N. Sultana, S. D. Shawon, S.M. Abu Nayem, Md. M. Hasan, T. Islam, S. S. Shah, M. M. Rabbani, Md. A. Aziz, A. J. S. Ahammad, Cobalt Oxide Nanorod-Modified GCE as Sensitive Electrodes for Simultaneous Detection of Hydroquinone and Catechol, Processes 10 (2022) 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020390

[99] C. Kuşcu, V. Özdokur, S. Koçak, F. N. Ertaş, Preparation of cobalt oxide/gold nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of dopamine, Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2 (2020) 15-21. https://izlik.org/JA23GY77ZM

[100] N. F. Atta, A. Galal, E. H. El-Ads, S. H. Hassan, Cobalt oxide nanoparticles/graphene/ionic liquid crystal modified carbon paste electrochemical sensor for ultra-sensitive determination of a narcotic drug, Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 9 (2019) 110-121. https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.014

[101] P. T. Mafuwe, M. Moyo, T. Mugadza, M. Shumba, S. Nyoni, Cobalt oxide nanoparticles anchored polyaniline-appended cobalt tetracarboxy phthalocyanine modified glassy carbon electrode for facile electrocatalysis of amitrole, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 23 (2019) 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-4131-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-4131-8

[102] C. Koventhan, V. Vinothkumar, S-M. Chen, P. Veerakumar, K.-C. Lin, Polyol-assisted synthesis of spinel-type magnesium cobalt oxide nanochains for voltammetric determination of the antipsychotic drug thioridazine, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 898 (2021) 115600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115600

[103] N. Manjula, T.-W. Chen, S.-M. Chen, B.-S. Lou, Facile synthesis of hexagonal-shaped zinc doped cobalt oxide: Application for electroanalytical determination of antibacterial drug ofloxacin in urine samples, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 885 (2021) 115101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115101

[104] A. E. Ayad, I. El-Mehasseb, G. K. Gomaa, A. M. Beltagi, Fabrication of an Economic Electrochemical Sensor Based on Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for Determination of Flufenamic Acid. Russian Journal of General Chemistry 93 (2023) 2995-3005. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363223110300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363223110300

[105] D. Sharma, M. I. Sabela, S. Kanchi, K. Bisetty, A. A. Skelton, B. Honarparvar, Green synthesis, characterization and electrochemical sensing of silymarin by ZnO nanoparticles: Experimental and DFT studies, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 808 (2018) 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.039

[106] H. A. Ariyanta, F. Roji, D. O. B. Apriandanu, Electrochemical activity of glassy carbon electrode modified with ZnO nanoparticles prepared via Senna alata L. leaf extract towards antiretroviral drug, Micro and Nano Systems Letters 10 (2022) 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-022-00147-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-022-00147-6

[107] M. B. Poudel, C. Yu, H. J. Kim, Synthesis of conducting bifunctional polyaniline@Mn-TiO₂ nanocomposites for supercapacitor electrode and visible light driven photocatalysis, Catalysts 10 (2020) 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050546

[108] R. R. Sawkar, M. M. Shanbhag, S. M. Tuwar, K. Mondal, N. P. Shetti, Zinc oxide-graphene nanocomposite-based sensor for the electrochemical determination of cetirizine, Catalysts 12 (2022) 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101166

[109] A. Hatamie, A. Echresh, B. Zargar, O. Nur, M. Willander, Fabrication and characterization of highly-ordered zinc oxide nanorods on gold/glass electrode, and its application as a voltammetric sensor, Electrochimica Acta 174 (2015) 1261-1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.083

[110] R. M. Hanabaratti, S. M. Tuwar, S. T. Nandibewoor, J. I. Gowda, Fabrication and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode for sensitive determination of paracetamol, Chemical Data Collections 30 (2020) 100540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100540

[111] R. Jagadish, S. Yellappa, M. Mahanthappa, K. B. Chandrasekhar, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Caffeine, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 64 (7) (2017) 813-821. https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201600817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201600817

[112] N. Sebastian, W-C. Yu, D. Balram, Electrochemical detection of an antibiotic drug chloramphenicol based on a graphene oxide/hierarchical zinc oxide nanocomposite, Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 6 (1) (2019) 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8QI01000E DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8QI01000E

[113] A. Đurović, Z. Stojanović, Z. Bytešníková, S. Kravić, P. Švec, J. Přibyl, L. Richtera, Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite modified electrode for the detection of tetracycline, Journal of Materials Science 57 (9) (2022) 5533-5551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06926-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06926-1

[114] S. D. Bukkitgar, N. P. Shetti, R. M. Kulkarni, M. R. Doddamani, Electrooxidation of nimesulide at 5% barium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 762 (2016) 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.023

Downloads

Published

04-04-2026

Issue

Vol. 16 (2026)

Section

Electroanalytical chemistry

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Kruthika Manohara Sakamma, Gururaj Kudur Jayaprakash

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Transition metal oxide-modified carbon electrodes: A comprehensive review on surface area modulation and Randles-Ševčik electrochemical insights: Review paper. (2026). Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 16, Article 2973. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2973

Most read articles by the same author(s)