Phenolic-rich plum peel extract–mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of Pb(II)
Original scientific paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3207Keywords:
Noble metal nanoparticles, green synthesis, plant extract, lead detection, pencil graphite, sustainable managementAbstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were successfully synthesized using plum peel (Prunus salicina) extract as a green reducing and stabilizing agent, offering an environmentally benign approach to nanomaterial preparation. Optimization showed that a precursor-to-extract volume ratio of 7:3 with 80 mL maceration solvent yielded the most stable colloid, evidenced by a surface plasmon resonance peak at 534.9 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that phenolic -OH and aromatic C=O/C=C functional groups played a key role in Au(III) reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed predominantly spherical AuNPs with an average size of 13.16±4.9 nm, while a zeta potential of -33.4 ± 0.2 mV confirmed colloidal stability. The optimized AuNPs were drop-casted onto pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) to fabricate a low-cost electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) detection. The modified electrode exhibited a 50.7% enhancement in the Pb(II) peak current compared to bare PGE. Differential pulse voltammetry showed linearity over 25 to 200 ppb (R² = 0.9921), a sensitivity of 0.0172 µA ppb⁻¹, and a limit of detection of 18.95 ppb, below the Indonesian regulatory limit for surface waters. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping confirmed uniform AuNPs distribution, supporting improved electron-transfer behaviour. Overall, this work highlights the potential of fruit-peel-derived AuNPs for a portable and sustainable detector.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Yohanes Susanto Ridwan, Muhammad Fajar Arzena Nurhadi, Santhy Wyantuti, Rafa Radithya Swara, Athanasia Amanda Septevani , Fitri Khoerunnisa , Irkham, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
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