Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting

Original scientific paper

Authors

  • Irkham Irkham Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia and Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-2931
  • Fadli Taufik Abdillah Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4596-6063
  • Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-7315
  • Adisyahputra Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Merawang Bangka, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8866-2857
  • Nazwa Alya Zahra Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0326-2358
  • Salma Nur Zakiyyah Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0985-5980
  • Yeni Wahyuni Hartati Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia and Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-6352

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2720

Keywords:

Modified diamond electrode, diazonium derived film, pork skin gelatin, food authentication

Abstract

Porcine gelatin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its favorable functional properties and low cost. However, its presence in consumer products raises serious concerns for individuals with dietary restrictions based on religious, ethical, or health considerations. In this study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed using a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with aryl diazonium salt for the selective and sensitive detection of porcine gelatin. The diazonium electrografting enabled stable covalent immobilization of anti-porcine gelatin antibodies via protein A, preserving anti­body orientation and activity. Experimental parameters were optimized using the Box-Behnken design, yielding ideal conditions of 500× antibody concentration, 60 min antibody incubation, and 15 min gelatin incubation. Detection was performed using differential pulse voltammetry with [Fe(CN)₆]3-/4- as a redox probe, allowing label-free monitoring of anti­body-antigen interactions based on changes in current. The immunosensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance, with a detection limit of 142.15 pg mL-1. Specificity testing confirmed that the sensor responds exclusively to porcine gelatin, showing no cross-reactivity with bovine gelatin. These results demonstrate that the proposed immunosensor provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and specific platform for porcine gelatin detection, offering great potential for food authentication and halal verification.

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References

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Published

09-06-2025

Issue

Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025)

Section

Bioelectrochemistry

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Irkham Irkham, Fadli Taufik Abdillah, Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein, Adisyahputra, Nazwa Alya Zahra, Salma Nur Zakiyyah, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting: Original scientific paper. (2025). Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 15(4), 2720. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2720

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