Ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for paracetamol based on thiacloprid nanocomposite

Original scientific paper

Authors

  • Khairol Harmi Mohamad Shukari Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1872-8765
  • Mohamad Syahrizal Ahmad Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-6332
  • Illyas Md Isa Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7621-2929
  • Norhayati Hashim Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7095-8597
  • Mohamad Idris Saidin Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Sultan Idris Education University, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-7150
  • Suyanta M. Si Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-0113
  • Rahadian Zainul Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatera 25171, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3740-3597
  • Sofian Ibrahim Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4565-1491

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2978

Keywords:

Acetaminophen drug, zinc layered hydroxide, organic dopants, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, voltammetry techniques

Abstract

The study introduces a novel electrochemical sensor for paracetamol (PCM) determination based on a nanocomposite composed of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) intercalated with sodium dodecyl sulphate and thiacloprid (SDS-THI), integrated with multiwalled carbon nano­tubes (MWCNTs). The sensor aims to address limitations of conventional analytical techniques and improve sensitivity, detection limits, and portability. Electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, were employed to characterize the sensor performance. The ZLH-SDS-THI/MWCNTs sensor showed superior electrocatalytic activity, with a wide linear range (0.7 to 30 mM) and a low detection limit (LOD = 0.33 mM), outperforming several previously reported sensors. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic properties of the composite materials, which offer improved electron transfer, a high surface area, and effective analyte interaction. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, as interference studies revealed that common biological and ionic species such as ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose, lysine, chloride, magnesium, and sulphate ions, even when present at 10-, 20-, and 50-fold excess concentrations relative to PCM, caused less than 10 % signal variation. This confirms the sensor’s robustness and reliability in complex sample matrices. Overall, this work highlights the potential of incorporating unconventional organic dopants, such as thiacloprid, into layered nanostructures to enhance the performance of electrochemical sensors, offering a promising platform for the selective and sensitive determination of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental and clinical applications.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] N. O. Gomes, P. A. Raymundo-Pereira, On-site therapeutic drug monitoring of paracetamol analgesic in non-invasively collected saliva for personalized medicine, Small 19 (2023) 2206753. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206753

[2] G. Shams, S. Elmesiry, The possible protective effect of galantamine against paracetamol induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats, Zagazig Veterinary Journal 50 (2022) 219-227. https://doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2022.144673.1183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2022.144673.1183

[3] N. O. Gomes, S. C. Teixeira, M. L Calegaro, S. A. S. Machado, N. F. F. Soares, T. V. Oliveira, P. A. Raymundo-Pereira, Flexible and sustainable printed sensor strips for on-site, fast decentralized self-testing of urinary biomarkers integrated with a portable wireless analyzer, Chemical Engineering Journal 472 (2023) 144775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144775

[4] E. N. M. Mahbob, M. S. Ahmad, I. M. Isa, N. Hashim, A. Ul-Hamid, M. I. Saidin, M. Si. Suyanta, Carbon paste electrode modified with PMBP: A sensitive sensor for electrochemical detection of acetaminophen, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan 46 (2024) 130-145. https://doi.org/10.52568/001439/JCSP/46.02.2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52568/001439/JCSP/46.02.2024

[5] Y. Fan, J.-H. Liu, H.-T. Lu, Q. Zhang, Electrochemical behavior and voltammetric determination of paracetamol on Nafion/TiO2–graphene modified glassy carbon electrode, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 85 (2011) 289-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.041

[6] M. K. S. Monteiro, M. M. S. Monteiro, J. M. M. Henrique, C. A. Martinez Huitle, S. Ferro, E. V. d. Santos, Voltammetric investigation of paracetamol detection in acidic conditions by using cork-modified carbon paste electrodes, Chemosensors 12 (2024) 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12090183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12090183

[7] M. Burç, S. Koytepe, S. T. Duran, N. Ayhan, B. Aksoy, T. Seckin, Development of voltammetric sensor based on polyimide-MWCNT composite membrane for rapid and highly sensitive detection of paracetamol, Measurement 151 (2020) 107103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107103

[8] Z. Muda, N. Hashim, I. M. Isa, S. Mustafar, S. A. Bakar, M. Mamat, M. Z. Hussein, Adsolubilisation of thiacloprid pesticide into the layered zinc hydroxide salt intercalated with dodecyl sulphate, for controlled release formulation, Materials Research Innovation 24 (2019) 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2019.1655620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2019.1655620

[9] T. Xu, J. Yang, J. Liu, Q. Fu, Surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by O2 plasma, Applied Surface Science 253 (2007) 8945-8951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.05.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.05.028

[10] A. Cernat, M. Tertis, R. Sandulescu, F. Bedioui, A. Cristea, C. Cristea, Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials for acetaminophen detection: A review, Analytica Chimica Acta 886 (2015) 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.044

[11] I. W. T. Aryasa, I. Noviandri, Voltammetric determination of paracetamol with carbon paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted electropolymer, Molekul 17 (2022) 30-38. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.1.5595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2022.17.1.5595

[12] S. B. Matt, S. Raghavendra, M. Shivanna, M. Sidlinganahalli, D. M. Siddalingappa, Electrochemical detection of paracetamol by voltammetry techniques using pure zirconium oxide nanoparticle based modified carbon paste electrode, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 31 (2021) 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01743-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01743-y

[13] P. K. Kalambate, B. J. Sanghavi, S. P. Karna, A. K. Srivastava, Simultaneous voltametric determination of paracetamol and domperidone based on a graphene/platinum nanoparticles/nafion composite modified glassy carbon electrode, Sensors and Actuators B 213 (2015) 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.02.090

[14] N. Hashim, S. N. M. Sharif, I. M. Isa, S. A. Hamid, M. Z. Hussein, S. A. Bakar, M. Mamat, Controlled release formulation of an anti-depression drug based on a L-phenylalanate-zinc layered hydroxide intercalation compound, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 105 (2017) 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.02.005

[15] S. C. Wang, J. Yang, X. Y. Zhou, J. Xie, L. L. Ma, B. Huang, Electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube/graphene oxide hybrid electrodes fabricated via layer by layer self-assembly, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 722-723 (2014) 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.04.001

[16] M. S. Ahmad, I. M. Isa, N. Hashim, M. S. Suyanta, M. I. Saidin, A highly sensitive sensor of paracetamol based on zinc-layered hydroxide-L-phenylalanate-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 22 (2018) 2691-2701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-3979-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-3979-y

[17] S. Damiri, H. R. Pouretedal, M. Mahmoudi, Sensitive electrocatalytic assay of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) explosive on carbon nanotube/Ag nanocomposite electrode, Iranian Journal of Catalysis 12 (2022) 69-76. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijc.2022.689576

[18] M. H. A. Tajudin, M. S. Ahmad, I. M. Isa, N. Hashim, A. Ul-Hamid, M. I. Saidin, R. Zainul, M. S. Suyanta, Sensitive determination of uric acid at layered zinc hydroxide-sodium dodecyl sulphate-propoxur nanocomposite, Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 12 (2022) 331-341. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.1237

[19] S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354 (1991) 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0

[20] M. S. Ahmad, I. M. Isa, N. Hashim, M. S. Rosmi, S. Mustafar, Electrochemical detection of hydroquinone by square wave voltammetry using a Zn layered hydroxide-ferulate (ZLH-F) modified MWCNT paste electrode, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 13 (2018) 373-383. https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.01.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.01.31

[21] J. Lang, W. Wang, Y. Zhou, D. Guo, R. Shi, N. Zhou, Electrochemical Behavior and Direct Quantitative Determination of Paclitaxel, Frontiers in Chemistry 10 (2022) 834154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.834154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.834154

[22] V. N. Palakollu, T. E. Chiwunze, C. Liu, R. Karpoormath, Electrochemical sensitive determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical formulations at iron oxide/graphene composite modified electrode, Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13 (2019) 4350-4357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.001

[23] K. S. Ngai, W. T. Tan, Z. Zainal, R. M. Zawawi, J. C. Juan, Electrocatalytic study of paracetamol at a single-walled carbon nanotube/nickel nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015) 742548. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/742548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/742548

[24] A. S. Farag, Voltammetric determination of acetaminophen in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine using glassy carbon paste electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, Analytical Sciences 38 (2022) 1213-1220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00150-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-022-00150-2

[25] M. Stoytcheva, R. Zlatev, Z. Velkova, V. Gochev, C. Meza, B. Valdev, G. Kirova, Y. Hristova, L. Toscano-Palomar, The validity of using bare graphite electrode for the voltametric determination of paracetamol and caffeine, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 18 (2023) 100120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.100120

[26] P. Pinyou, V. Blay, K. Chansaenpak, S. Lisnund, Paracetamol Sensing with a Pencil Lead Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Chemosensors 8 (2020) 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040133

[27] L. V. L. Martoni, N. O. Gomes, O. N. Oliveira Jr, S. A. S. Machado, P. A. Raymundo-Pereira, Low-cost photoelectrochemical sensor sensitized with carbon spherical shells and cobalt(II) phthalocyanine for fast acetaminophen determination, Microchemical Journal 197 (2024) 109780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2023.109780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2023.109780

[28] T. Tikuyea, T. Y. Feyisa, S. A. Kitte, G. Gebretsadik, D. Yenealem, Simultaneous voltammetric determination of p-aminophenol and paracetamol using activated glassy carbon electrode: cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry study, Acta Chemica Iasi 28 (2020) 146-162. https://doi.org/10.2478/achi-2020-0010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/achi-2020-0010

Downloads

Published

04-11-2025

Issue

Vol. 16 (2026)

Section

Electroanalytical chemistry

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Khairol Harmi Mohamad Shukari, Mohamad Syahrizal Ahmad , Illyas Md Isa, Norhayati Hashim, Mohamad Idris Saidin, Rahadian Zainul, Suyanta M. Si, Sofian Ibrahim

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for paracetamol based on thiacloprid nanocomposite: Original scientific paper. (2025). Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 16, Article 2978. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2978

Most read articles by the same author(s)