Anti-inflammatory potential of plant-derived extracellular vesicles from Solanum nigrum L. integrated in gelatine-dopamine hydrogel on RAW 264.7 and MC3T3 cells

Original scientific article

Authors

  • Anggraini Barlian Department of Biotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, Department of Biology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and Scientific Imaging Center, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0826-3134
  • Tasya Fediarisa Department of Biotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and Scientific Imaging Center, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6533-2604
  • Aida Fitri Kamila Department of Biology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and Scientific Imaging Center, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5426-2539
  • Noviana Vanawati Department of Biology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7569-253X
  • Yung-Hsin Cheng Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4630-6999

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.3149

Keywords:

Cell-free therapy, lyophilization, macrophage cells, osteoblast cells, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abstract

Background and purpose: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEV) from Solanum nigrum L. fruit show promise as a cell-free regenerative and inflammatory therapy for bone defects due to their anti-inflammatory properties. However, challenges such as storage stability and targeted delivery efficiency remain in PDEV's applications. Strategies such as lyophilization and injectable hydrogel delivery systems offer potential solutions. Experimental approach: In this study, lyophilized PDEVs derived from Solanum nigrum L. berries were incorporated into a thermosensitive injectable gelatine-dopamine (Gel-Dop) hydrogel and evaluated by in vitro for their anti-inflammatory potential using MC3T3 pre-osteoblast cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Key results: The isolated PDEVs show a spherical morphology, an average size of approximately 132.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.197, and a protein concentration of 509 μg mL-1. These PDEVs were efficiently internalized by MC3T3 and RAW 264.7 cells after 12 hours of incubation and showed no cytotoxic effects at concentrations up to 10 μg mL-1. The release profile confirmed that the hydrogel effectively released the PDEVs, which remained non-toxic and were internalized by cells after 12 hours of incubation. Subsequently, treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated MC3T3 and RAW 264.7 cells with PDEVs led to a reduction in IL-6 protein expression. Conclusion: These findings suggest that lyophilized PDEVs from Solanum nigrum L. berries, when incorporated into Gel-Dop hydrogel, hold promise for future development as an anti-inflammatory agent in bone therapy. This study is the first to characterize and incorporate lyophilized PDEVs from Solanum nigrum L. into thermosensitive injectable Gel-Dop hydrogel and demonstrate their anti-inflammatory potential through the suppression IL-6 expression in LPS-stimulated MC3T3 and RAW 264.7 cells.

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06-03-2026

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Vol. 14 (2026)

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Pharmaceutics

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Copyright (c) 2026 Anggraini Barlian, Tasya Fediarisa, Aida Fitri Kamila, Noviana Vanawati, Yung-Hsin Cheng

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Anti-inflammatory potential of plant-derived extracellular vesicles from Solanum nigrum L. integrated in gelatine-dopamine hydrogel on RAW 264.7 and MC3T3 cells: Original scientific article. (2026). ADMET and DMPK, 14, Article 3149. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.3149

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