Thermal spray coatings in batteries, electrolyzers and solid oxide electrochemical systems
Review paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3233Keywords:
Electrochemical energy systems, coating processes, electrodes, interfacial engineering, microstructural features, splat bonding; porosity, AI-assisted materials design, electrochemical stabilityAbstract
Energy systems based on electrochemically active materials frequently suffer from poor performance and limited lifetimes due to interfacial problems that can be mitigated by micro- to nanoscale structuring with thermal spray coatings (TSC). This review synthesizes existing knowledge and develops a process-structure-property framework that uniquely links TSC process parameters to the coating microstructure and interfacial chemistry across different electrochemical systems, with a focus on innovative cross-system design principles. This review covers various TSC technologies (atmospheric plasma spray, suspension plasma spray, high-velocity oxy-fuel, and cold spray) with reference to their ability to control porosity and phase distribution. These process parameters affect ion or electron conduction, interfacial resistance, and mechanical stability. The issues of transport limitations caused by porosity, inter-splat bonding, and non-equilibrium phase transformations were studied. Functionally graded interfaces, adaptive coating systems, and machine learning-based process development are innovative approaches investigated to achieve defect-tolerant functional interfaces. This study offers guidelines for designing next-generation TSC that are more durable, scalable, and exhibit better electrochemical properties, thereby improving the performance and lifespan of electrochemical energy systems. The battery, proton exchange membrane, alkaline fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cell/solid oxide electrolysis cell systems were analysed with respect to one another to establish general process-structure-property relationships for electrochemical interfaces.
Downloads
References
[1] X. Li, H. Y. Wang, H. Yang, W. Cai, S. Liu, B. Liu, In situ/operando characterization techniques to probe the electrochemical reactions for energy conversion, Small Methods 2 (2018) 1700395. https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700395
[2] W. Zhao, X. Lin, T. Zhang, Y. Ding, Large-scale energy storage for carbon neutrality: Thermal energy storage for electrical vehicles, Carbon Neutrality 3(1) (2024) 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-024-00105-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-024-00105-8
[3] A. Buttler, H. Spliethoff, Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to-gas and power-to-liquids, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (2018) 2440-2454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.003
[4] G. Janani, S. Surendran, H. Choi, T.-Y. An, M.-K. Han, S.-J. Song, W. Park, J.K. Kim, U. Sim, Anchoring of Ni12P5 Microbricks in Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Enriched Carbon Frame¬works: Engineering bifunctional active sites for efficient water-splitting systems, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 10(3) (2022) 1182-1194. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06514
[5] F. Yu, H. Zhou, Y. Huang, J. Sun, F. Qin, J. Bao, W.A. Goddard, S. Chen, Z. Ren, High-perfor-mance bifunctional porous non-noble metal phosphide catalyst for overall water splitting, Nature Communications 9(1) (2018) 2551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04746-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04746-z
[6] J.-I. Hata, M. Hirayama, K. Suzuki, N. Dupré, D. Guyomard, R. Kanno, Effect of surface che-mical bonding states on lithium intercalation properties of surface-modified lithium cobalt oxide, Batteries & Supercaps 2(5) (2019) 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.201800122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.201800122
[7] R. Stoyanova, V. Koleva, A. Stoyanova, Lithium versus mono/polyvalent ion intercalation: Hybrid metal ion systems for energy storage, The Chemical Record 19(2-3) (2019) 474-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201800081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201800081
[8] J. Kim, J. H. Seo, J. K. Lee, M. H. Oh, H. W. Jang, Challenges and strategies in catalyst design towards efficient and durable alkaline seawater electrolysis for green hydrogen production, Energy Materials 5(7) (2025) 500076. https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.220
[9] R. Djara, M.-A. Lacour, A. Merzouki, J. Cambedouzou, D. Cornu, S. Tingry, Y. Holade, Iridium and ruthenium modified polyaniline polymer leads to nanostructured electrocatalysts with high performance regarding water splitting, Polymers 13(2) (2021) 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020190
[10] G. McClea, L. Titheridge, S. Matthews, A. T. Marshall, Next-generation plasma-sprayed electrodes for water electrolysis and beyond: Recent advances and future directions, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 53 (2025) 101732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101732
[11] A. Mehta, H. Vasudev, J. Singh, B. Prasad, Electrochemical performance of thermal spray coatings for energy storage devices: A review, Surface Engineering 42(4) (2026) 02670844261442697. https://doi.org/10.1177/02670844261442697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02670844261442697
[12] R. Gadow, A. Killinger, A. Candel Ruiz, H. Weckmann, A. Öllinger, O. Patz, Investigation on HVOF-Technique for fabrication of SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells) electrolyte layers, Thermal Spray 2007, Conference Proceedings (2007) 1053-1058. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p1053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p1053
[13] M. Tomas, V. Asokan, J. Puranen, J.E. Svensson, J. Froitzheim, Efficiencies of cobalt- and copper-based coatings applied by different deposition processes for applications in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47(76) (2022) 32628-32640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.168
[14] H. Zhu, J. Li, J. Zhang, Recent advances in spinel-based protective coatings on metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells from the perspective of coating design, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 113 (2025) 26-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.433
[15] E. J. Van den Ham, G. Maino, G. Bonneux, W. Marchal, K. Elen, S. Gielis, F. Mattelaer, C. Detavernier, P. H. L. Notten, M. K. Van Bael, A. Hardy, Wet-chemical synthesis of 3D stacked thin film metal-oxides for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries, Materials 10(9) (2017) 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10091072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10091072
[16] D. Chade, L. Berlouis, D. Infield, P. T. Nielsen, T. Mathiesen, Deactivation mechanisms of atmospheric plasma spraying Raney nickel electrodes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163(3) (2016) F308. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0091605jes DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0091605jes
[17] P. Lettenmeier, R. Wang, R. Abouatallah, B. Saruhan, O. Freitag, P. Gazdzicki, T. Morawietz, R. Hiesgen, A. S. Gago, K. A. Friedrich, Low-cost and durable bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane electrolyzers, Scientific Reports 7(1) (2017) 44035. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44035
[18] H. Kassner, R. Siegert, D. Hathiramani, R. Vaßen, D. Stöver, Application of suspension plasma spraying (SPS) for manufacture of ceramic coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 17(1) (2008) 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-007-9144-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-007-9144-2
[19] N.H. Faisal, A. Prathuru, R. Ahmed, V. Rajendran, M. Hossain, V. Venkatachalapathy, N.K. Katiyar, J. Li, Y. Liu, Q. Cai, Application of thermal spray coatings in electrolysers for hydrogen production: Advances, challenges, and opportunities, ChemNanoMat 8(12) (2022) e202200384. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202200384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202200384
[20] N. H. Faisal, V. Rajendran, A. Prathuru, M. Hossain, R. Muthukrishnan, Y. Balogun, K. Pancholi, T. Hussain, S. Lokachari, B. A. Horri, Thermal spray coatings for molten salt facing structural parts and enabling opportunities for thermochemical cycle electrolysis, Engineering Reports 6(9) (2024) e12947. https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12947/v1/review1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.12947
[21] A. S. Gago, P. Lettenmeier, S. Stiber, A.S. Ansar, L. Wang, K.A. Friedrich, Cost-effective PEM electrolysis: The quest to achieve superior efficiencies with reduced investment, ECS Transactions 85(13) (2018) 3. https://doi.org/10.1149/08513.0003ecst DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/08513.0003ecst
[22] Ö.F. Aksoy, B. Lemieszek, M. Murutoğlu, J. Karczewski, P. Jasiński, S. Molin, Developing high-performance oxygen electrodes for intermediate solid oxide cells (SOC) prepared by Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ backbone infiltration, Applied Physics A 130(11) (2024) 779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-07939-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-07939-0
[23] K. Hu, J. Fang, X. Ai, D. Huang, Z. Zhong, X. Yang, L. Wang, Comparative study of alkaline water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis through multiphysics modeling, Applied Energy 312 (2022) 118788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118788
[24] D. Chade, L. Berlouis, D. Infield, A. Cruden, P.T. Nielsen, T. Mathiesen, Evaluation of Raney nickel electrodes prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying for alkaline water electrolysers, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38(34) (2013) 14380-14390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.012
[25] N. Abhijith, D. Kumar, D. Kalyansundaram, Development of single-stage TiNbMoMnFe high-entropy alloy coating on 304L stainless steel using HVOF thermal spray, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 31(4) (2022) 1032-1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01294-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01294-9
[26] M. Fakourihassanabadi, B. Guerreiro, J. Gaudet, M. H. Martin, S. Abbasi, S. Thorpe, D. Guay, Fabrication of a Ti-based 3D porous transport layer for PEMWEs using ShockWave-induced spraying and cold spray, Surface and Coatings Technology 477 (2024) 130353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.130353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.130353
[27] C. Tang, Y. Yao, N. Wang, X. Zhang, F. Zheng, L. Du, D. Luo, Y. Aoki, S. Ye, Green hydrogen production by intermediate-temperature protonic solid oxide electrolysis cells: Advances, challenges, and perspectives, InfoMat 6(3) (2024) e12515. https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12515
[28] M. Bieniek, K. Sadecka, L. Szulakowska, P. Hawrylak, Theory of excitons in atomically thin semiconductors: Tight-binding approach, Nanomaterials 12(9) (2022) 1582. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091582
[29] W. Guo, Y. Meng, Y. Hu, X. Wu, Z. Ju, Q. Zhuang, Surface and interface modification of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries with organic liquid electrolyte, Frontiers in Energy Research 8 (2020) 170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00170
[30] T. Löffler, A. Ludwig, J. Rossmeisl, W. Schuhmann, What makes high-entropy alloys exceptional electrocatalysts?, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60(52) (2021) 26894-26903. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109212
[31] C. U. Hardwicke, Y.-C. Lau, Advances in thermal spray coatings for gas turbines and energy generation: A review, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 22(5) (2013) 564-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-013-9904-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-013-9904-0
[32] A. L. Yuvaraj, D. Santhanaraj, A systematic study on electrolytic production of hydrogen gas by using graphite as electrode, Materials Research 17 (2014) 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392013005000153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000153
[33] A. A. AlZahrani, I. Dincer, Modeling and performance optimization of a solid oxide electrolysis system for hydrogen production, Applied Energy 225 (2018) 471-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.124
[34] J. W. Fergus, Metallic interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells, Materials Science and Engineering A 397(1-2) (2005) 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.02.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.02.047
[35] K. Zeng, D. Zhang, Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 36(3) (2010) 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.002
[36] K. Xu, Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond, Chemical Reviews 114(23) (2014) 11503-11618. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500003w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500003w
[37] R. Vaßen, M. O. Jarligo, T. Steinke, D. E. Mack, D. Stöver, Overview on advanced thermal barrier coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology 205(4) (2010) 938-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.151
[38] S. Sampath, G. Dwivedi, A. Valarezo, B. Choi, Partnership for accelerated insertion of new technology: Case study for thermal spray technology, Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation 2(1) (2013) 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9772-2-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9772-2-1
[39] M. Dvorak, S.-H. Wei, Z. Wu, Origin of the variation of exciton binding energy in semiconductors, Physical Review Letters 110(1) (2013) 016402. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.110.169904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.016402
[40] J. Ahn, E. K. Jang, K. Y. Cho, Thin conductive conformal coating on prepared electrode for high performance lithium-ion battery, ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01(3) (2018) 534. https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2018-01/3/534 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/MA2018-01/3/534
[41] S. Kobayashi, K. Nishio, M. Wilde, K. Fukutani, R. Shimizu, T. Hitosugi, Protons inside the LiCoO₂ electrode largely increase electrolyte–electrode interface resistance in all-solid-state Li batteries, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 127(9) (2023) 4684-4688. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06620
[42] A. P. Nguyen, G. D. Barbosa, I. McRobbie, A. Striolo, Structure–transport relations for Li⁺ ions at the electrolyte/polymer interface from classical molecular dynamics, The Journal of Chemical Physics 163(12) (2025) 124705. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0286381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0286381
[43] C.-J. Li, G.-J. Yang, C.-X. Li, Development of particle interface bonding in thermal spray coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 22(2-3) (2013) 192-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-012-9864-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-012-9864-9
[44] C. Lee, Z. T. Gossage, S. Kumakura, S. Komaba, Comparative insights and overlooked factors of interphase chemistry in alkali metal-ion batteries, Advanced Energy Materials (2026) e06154. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202506154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202506154
[45] L. Dai, X. Chen, T. Cheng, S. Qi, J. Zhu, Z. Feng, L. Wang, Y. Jiang, Y. Li, Z. He, Major obstacles and optimization strategies for the electrode of vanadium redox flow battery, ACS Materials Letters 6(7) (2024) 2816-2836. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c00517
[46] C.-F. Lin, Y. Qi, K. Gregorczyk, S.B. Lee, G.W. Rubloff, Nanoscale protection layers to mitigate degradation in high-energy electrochemical energy storage systems, Accounts of Chemical Research 51(1) (2018) 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00524
[47] K. Liu, Y. Du, X. Guo, J. Ma, W. He, Y. Cao, J. Du, Study of stress-driven cracking behavior and competitive crack growth in functionally graded thermal barrier coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology 473 (2023) 129969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129969 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129969
[48] E. O. Afranie, S. W. Kang, S. Koomson, K. H. Baik, Scalable Ni-Al-Fe and Ni-Al-Mo electrocatalyst coatings via atmospheric plasma spraying for efficient and durable alkaline water electrolysis, Journal of Power Sources 670 (2026) 239513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239513
[49] M. J. Reddy, B. Kamecki, B. Talic, E. Zanchi, F. Smeacetto, J. S. Hardy, J. P. Choi, Ł. Mazur, R. Vaßen, S. N. Basu, T. Brylewski, J.-E. Svensson, J. Froitzheim, Experimental review of the performances of protective coatings for interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources 568 (2023) 232831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232831 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232831
[50] Y. Hao, R. Zhu, H. Cao, Z. Liu, R. Ran, G. Yang, A mini-review on mitigating degradation of metallic interconnects in solid oxide cell stack systems: Advances, challenges, and solutions, Energy & Fuels 39 (2025) 18751-18772. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03611
[51] A. Mehta, H. Vasudev, L. Thakur, S. Singh, A. K. Keshri, Hot corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed YSZ/Al₂O₃/CeO₂ thermal barrier coatings, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D 106(2) (2025) 1089-1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-024-00724-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-024-00724-6
[52] L. Yu, Z. Qian, N. Shi, Q. Liu, J. Wang, X. Jing, Interface chemistry engineering in electrode systems for electrochemical energy storage, RSC Advances 4(71) (2014) 37491-37502. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03616f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA03616F
[53] J. Wu, H.-B. Guo, L. Zhou, L. Wang, S.-K. Gong, Microstructure and thermal properties of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings from nanostructured YSZ, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 19(6) (2010) 1186-1194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-010-9535-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-010-9535-7
[54] N. M. Rafiq, S. Wang, Thermal barrier coatings: An insight into conventional plasma spray and water-stabilized plasma spray, Coatings 12(12) (2022) 1916. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121916
[55] S. Aruna, S. Kulkarni, M. Chakraborty, S. S. Kumar, N. Balaji, C. Mandal, A comparative study on the synthesis and properties of suspension and solution precursor plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings, Ceramics International 43(13) (2017) 9715-9722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.04.146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.04.146
[56] S. T. Aruna, N. Balaji, B. A. Paligan, A comparative study on the synthesis and properties of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and lanthana doped YSZ plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Proceedings of the ASME 2013, Gas Turbine India Conference (2013) V001T08A003. https://doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2013-3563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/GTINDIA2013-3563
[57] R. S. Lima, B. R. Marple, Thermal spray coatings engineered from nanostructured ceramic agglomerated powders for structural, thermal barrier and biomedical applications: A review, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 16(1) (2007) 40-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-006-9010-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-006-9010-7
[58] Z. Fan, C.-C. Chao, F. Hossein-Babaei, F. B. Prinz, Improving solid oxide fuel cells with yttria-doped ceria interlayers by atomic layer deposition, Journal of Materials Chemistry 21(29) (2011) 10903-10906. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm11550b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm11550b
[59] A. Meghwal, A. Anupam, B. S. Murty, C. C. Berndt, R. S. Kottada, A. S. M. Ang, Thermal spray high-entropy alloy coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 29(5) (2020) 857-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-020-01047-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-020-01047-0
[60] M. Vardavoulias, P. Gkomoza, M. Arkas, D. K. Niakolas, S. G. Neophytides, Thermal spray multilayer ceramic structures with potential for solid oxide cell applications, Coatings 11(6) (2011) 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060682
[61] O. B. Rizvandi, M. Noponen, H. L. Frandsen, X. Sun, Numerical investigation of electro-chemical performance of commercial solid oxide cell stacks, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 102 (2025) 830-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.101
[62] M. Subramanian, A. T. Hoang, K. B. S. Nižetić, J. M. Solomon, D. Balasubramanian, S. C. T. G. H. Metghalchi, X. P. Nguyen, A technical review on composite phase change material based secondary assisted battery thermal management system for electric vehicles, Journal of Cleaner Production 322 (2021) 129079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129079
[63] Š. Houdková, F. Zahálka, M. Kašparová, L. M. Berger, Comparative study of thermally sprayed coatings under different types of wear conditions for hard chromium replacement, Tribology Letters 43(2) (2011) 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9791-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-011-9791-9
[64] R. Vaßen, H. Kaßner, A. Stuke, F. Hauler, D. Hathiramani, D. Stöver, Advanced thermal spray technologies for applications in energy systems, Surface and Coatings Technology 202(18) (2008) 4432-4437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.022
[65] A. Eskandari, M. Gupta, S. Joshi, Hybrid thermal spray: A pathway to realize novel coating microstructures and properties, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 34(5) (2025) 1517-1544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-025-01981-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-025-01981-x
[66] J. Yang, Y. Wang, W. Li, L. Wang, Y. Fan, W. Jiang, W. Luo, Y. Wang, B. Kong, C. Selomulya, Amorphous TiO₂ shells: A vital elastic buffering layer on silicon nanoparticles for high-performance and safe lithium storage, Advanced Materials 29(48) (2017) 1700523. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700523
[67] G. Yang, M. Wu, C. Wang, Ultrathin Zn₂(OH)₃VO₃ nanosheets: First synthesis, excellent lithium-storage properties, and investigation of electrochemical mechanism, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8(36) (2016) 23746-23754. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08048
[68] I. Malik, A. Kumar, R. Lohan, N. Deopa, Coating technologies for the surface modification of energy storage materials, in: Materials for Boosting Energy Storage, Volume 3: Advances in Sustainable Energy Technologies, American Chemical Society, 2024, pp. 123-141. https://doi.org/doi:10.1021/bk-2024-1488.ch006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2024-1488.ch006
[69] S. Lou, F. Zhang, C. Fu, M. Chen, Y. Ma, G. Yin, J. Wang, Interface issues and challenges in all-solid-state batteries: Lithium, sodium, and beyond, Advanced Materials 33(6) (2021) 2000721. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000721
[70] C. Zu, H. Yu, H. Li, Enabling the thermal stability of solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion battery, InfoMat 3(6) (2021) 648-661. https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12190
[71] S. Neudeck, A. Mazilkin, C. Reitz, P. Hartmann, J. Janek, T. Brezesinski, Effect of low-temperature Al₂O₃ ALD coating on Ni-rich layered oxide composite cathode on the long-term cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries, Scientific Reports 9(1) (2019) 5328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41767-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41767-0
[72] J. Wang, Q. Yuan, R. Wang, G. Tan, Y. Su, D. Li, F. Wu, Providing a long-term protection for NCM811 cathode material by Al₂O₃ coating layer, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 735(1) (2020) 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/735/1/012007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/735/1/012007
[73] T. Matsuoka, K. Shimizu, Direct observation of a pressure-induced metal-to-semiconductor transition in lithium, Nature 458(7235) (2009) 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07827
[74] K. Du, H. Xie, G. Hu, Z. Peng, Y. Cao, F. Yu, Enhancing the thermal and upper voltage performance of Ni-rich cathode material by a homogeneous and facile coating method: Spray-drying coating with nano-Al₂O₃, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8(27) (2016) 17713-17720. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05629
[75] F. Xin, I. S. Buyuker, H. Zhou, F. Guo, A. Goel, J. Bai, F. Wang, M. S. Whittingham, Importance of high valence element Nb in Ni-rich layered cathodes for high-voltage lithium-metal batteries, ACS Energy Letters 9(10) (2024) 5172-5178. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01230
[76] M. Á. Hidalgo, P. Lavela, J. L. Tirado, M. Aranda, Modification of layered cathodes of sodium-ion batteries with conducting polymers, Batteries 10(3) (2024) 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030093
[77] M. Aghaee, J. Verheyen, A.A. Stevens, W.M.M. Kessels, M. Creatore, TiO₂ thin film patterns prepared by chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition using an atmospheric pressure microplasma printer, Plasma Processes and Polymers 16(12) (2019) 1900127. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201900127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201900127
[78] D. P. Singh, Y. A. Birkholzer, D. M. Cunha, T. Dubbelink, S. Huang, T. A. Hendriks, C. Lievens, M. Huijben, Enhanced cycling and rate capability by epitaxially matched conductive cubic TiO coating on LiCoO₂ cathode films, ACS Applied Energy Materials 4(5) (2021) 5024-5033. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00603
[79] Y. Chen, S. Kong, Advances and challenges in dry electrode process for solid-state batteries, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 30(2) (2026) 1441-1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-025-06518-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-025-06518-4
[80] S. Liang, W. Yan, X. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhu, H. Wang, Y. Wu, Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries: Fabrication, characterization and performance, Solid State Ionics 318 (2018) 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2017.12.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2017.12.023
[81] R. Xia, K. Zhao, L.Y. Kuo, L. Zhang, D. M. Cunha, Y. Wang, S. Huang, J. Zheng, B. Boukamp, P. Kaghazchi, Nickel niobate anodes for high rate lithium-ion batteries, Advanced Energy Materials 12(1) (2022) 2102972. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102972
[82] E.R. Østli, Y. Tesfamhret, S. Wenner, M.J. Lacey, D. Brandell, A.M. Svensson, S.M. Selbach, N.P. Wagner, Limitations of ultrathin Al₂O₃ coatings on LNMO cathodes, ACS Omega 6(45) (2021) 30644-30655. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04457 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04457
[83] C. Wu, H. Huang, W. Lu, Z. Wei, X. Ni, F. Sun, P. Qing, Z. Liu, J. Ma, W. Wei, L. Chen, C. Yan, L. Mai, Mg doped Li–LiB alloy with in situ formed lithiophilic LiB skeleton for lithium metal batteries, Advanced Science 7(6) (2020) 1902643. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902643
[84] J. Hou, L. Lu, L. Wang, A. Ohma, D. Ren, X. Feng, Y. Li, Y. Li, I. Ootani, X. Han, Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries employing LiN(SO₂F)₂-based concentrated electrolytes, Nature Communications 11(1) (2020) 5100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18868-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18868-w
[85] T. Krauskopf, B. Mogwitz, C. Rosenbach, W. G. Zeier, J. Janek, Diffusion limitation of lithium metal and Li–Mg alloy anodes on LLZO type solid electrolytes as a function of temperature and pressure, Advanced Energy Materials 9(44) (2019) 1902568. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902568
[86] J. W. Kim, D. H. Kim, D. Y. Oh, H. Lee, J. H. Kim, J. H. Lee, Y. S. Jung, Surface chemistry of LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ particles coated by Al₂O₃ using atomic layer deposition for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources 274 (2015) 1254-1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.207
[87] S. Zhou, M. Li, P. Wang, L. Cheng, L. Chen, Y. Huang, B. Cao, S. Yu, Q. Liu, J. Wei, Liquid metal as an efficient protective layer for lithium metal anodes in all-solid-state batteries, Carbon Energy 6(7) (2024) e462. https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.462
[88] A. M. Nolan, D. Wickramaratne, N. Bernstein, Y. Mo, M. D. Johannes, Li⁺ diffusion in amorphous and crystalline Al₂O₃ for battery electrode coatings, Chemistry of Materials 33(19) (2021) 7795-7804. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02239
[89] X. He, X. Ji, B. Zhang, N. D. Rodrigo, S. Hou, K. Gaskell, T. Deng, H. Wan, S. Liu, J. Xu, Tuning interface lithiophobicity for lithium metal solid-state batteries, ACS Energy Letters 7(1) (2021) 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02122
[90] C. Wu, B. Emley, L. Zhao, Y. Liang, Q. Ai, Z. Chen, F. C. Robles Hernández, F. Wang, S. Risal, H. Guo, Understanding the chemomechanical function of the silver–carbon interlayer in sheet-type all-solid-state lithium–metal batteries, Nano Letters 23(10) (2023) 4415-4422. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00720 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00720
[91] V. Raj, V. Venturi, V. R. Kankanallu, B. Kuiri, V. Viswanathan, N. P. B. Aetukuri, Direct correla¬tion between void formation and lithium dendrite growth in solid-state electrolytes with inter¬layers, Nature Materials 21(9) (2022) 1050-1056. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-022-01264-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-022-01264-8
[92] T. Burns, L. DeLatte, G. Roman-Martinez, K. Glassey, P. Ziehl, M. Sadati, R.E. White, P.T. Coman, Ultrasonic spray coating of carbon fibers for composite cathodes in structural batteries, Electrochem 6(2) (2025) 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6020013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6020013
[93] A. Nakajo, G. Rinaldi, P. Caliandro, G. Jeanmonod, L. Navratilova, M. Cantoni, J. Van Herle, Evolution of the morphology near triple-phase boundaries in Ni–yttria stabilized zirconia electrodes upon cathodic polarization, Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage 17(4) (2020) 041004. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046478
[94] B. Joshi, E. Samuel, Y. I. Kim, A. L. Yarin, M. T. Swihart, S. S. Yoon, Electrostatically sprayed nanostructured electrodes for energy conversion and storage devices, Advanced Functional Materials 31(14) (2021) 2008181. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202008181
[95] X. Lu, T. M. M. Heenan, J. J. Bailey, T. Li, K. Li, D. J. L. Brett, P. R. Shearing, Correlation between triple phase boundary and the microstructure of solid oxide fuel cell anodes: The role of composition, porosity and Ni densification, Journal of Power Sources 365 (2017) 210-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.095
[96] Y.-P. Wang, J.-T. Gao, W. Chen, C.-X. Li, S.-L. Zhang, G.-J. Yang, C.-J. Li, Development of ScSZ electrolyte by very low pressure plasma spraying for high-performance metal-supported SOFCs, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 29(1) (2020) 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00970-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00970-1
[97] J. Xie, X. Zhang, C.-X. Li, S.-L. Zhang, Plasma-sprayed La₀.₂Sr₀.₈MnO₃-La₀.₃Sr₀.₇TiO₃ bilayer coatings along with the interface healing processing applied as the high dense interconnector for tubular solid oxide fuel cells, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 33(8) (2024) 2711-2722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-024-01859-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-024-01859-4
[98] X. Zhang, J. Kulczyk-Malecka, J. Carr, P. Xiao, P.J. Withers, 3D characterization of porosity in an air plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating and its effect on thermal conductivity, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 101(6) (2018) 2482-2492. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15409
[99] F. Tarasi, M. Medraj, A. Dolatabadi, J. Oberste-Berghaus, C. Moreau, Effective parameters in axial injection suspension plasma spray process of alumina-zirconia ceramics, Journal of Ther¬mal Spray Technology 17(5-6) (2008) 685-691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9259-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9259-0
[100] H. S. Arora, G. Perumal, M. Rani, H. S. Grewal, Facile and green engineering approach for enhanced corrosion resistance of Ni–Cr–Al₂O₃ thermal spray coatings, ACS Omega 5(38) (2020) 24558-24566. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03053
[101] E. Allen, Y. Shin, W. Judge, C. Wang, K. Smith, J. Alvarado, Y. S. Meng, 3D quantification of elemental gradients within heterostructured particles of battery cathodes, ACS Energy Letters 8(3) (2023) 1371-1378. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02619
[102] S. Lee, L. Su, A. Mesnier, R. Jung, F. Maglia, P. Lamp, Y. K. Sun, H. A. Gasteiger, Cracking vs. surface reactivity in high-nickel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, Joule 7(11) (2023) 2430-2444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.09.006
[103] J. Cabana, B. J. Kwon, L. Hu, Mechanisms of degradation and strategies for the stabilization of cathode–electrolyte interfaces in Li-ion batteries, Accounts of Chemical Research 51(2) (2018) 299-308. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00482
[104] R. Dutton, R. Wheeler, K. S. Ravichandran, Effect of heat treatment on the thermal conductivity of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 9(2) (2000) 204-209. https://doi.org/10.1361/105996300770349935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1361/105996300770349935
[105] M. Liu, J. Zhou, T. Cheng, S. Qi, Y. Jiang, L. Wang, Z. He, Dual design of the surface via an ion conductor coating and in situ electrochemical diffusion enabling a long life for a Ni-rich cathode, ACS Applied Energy Materials 5(7) (2022) 9181 9188. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01812 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01812
[106] M. D. Jamil Akhtar, R. M. Singari, Q. Murtaza, A critical review of mechanical behavior, cavitation, and metallurgical properties of high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) coating on different materials, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 39(17) (2025) 2577-2627. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2025.2512981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2025.2512981
[107] P. Fauchais, G. Montavon, G. Bertrand, From powders to thermally sprayed coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 19(1-2) (2010) 56-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9435-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-009-9435-x
[108] Y. Dong, I. W. Chen, J. Li, Transverse and longitudinal degradations in ceramic solid electrolytes, Chemistry of Materials 34(13) (2022) 5749-5765. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00329
[109] A. A. Abubakar, A. F. M. Arif, A hybrid computational approach for modeling thermal spray deposition, Surface and Coatings Technology 362 (2019) 311-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.02.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.02.010
[110] A. A. Abubakar, A. F. M. Arif, S. S. Akhtar, M. Al-Badour, Splats formation, interaction and residual stress evolution in thermal spray coating using a hybrid computational model, Jour¬nal of Thermal Spray Technology 28 (2019) 359-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00828-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00828-6
[111] G. Xu, C. Zhu, G. Gao, Recent progress of advanced conductive metal–organic frameworks: Precise synthesis, electrochemical energy storage applications, and future challenges, Small 18(44) (2022) 2203140. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202203140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202203140
[112] A. A. Abubakar, A. F. M. Arif, K. S. Al-Athel, M. Al-Badour, Modeling residual stress develop-ment in thermal spray coatings: Current status and way forward, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 26(6) (2017) 1115-1145.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-017-0590-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-017-0590-1
[113] A. Ambrosi, R. R. S. Shi, R. D. Webster, 3D-printing for electrolytic processes and electrochemical flow systems, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8(42) (2020) 21902-21929. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07939a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA07939A
[114] N. Awang, A. Nasir, M. Yajid, N. H. Ismail, A review on advancement and future perspective of 3D hierarchical porous aerogels based on electrospun polymer nanofibers for electrochemical energy storage application, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9(4) (2021) 105437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105437
[115] N. Ahledel, R. Schulz, M. Gariepy, S. Yue, Electrochemical corrosion behavior of Fe₃Al/TiC and Fe₃Al-Cr/TiC coatings prepared by HVOF in NaCl solution, Metals 9(4) (2019) 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9040437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met9040437
[116] B. J. Harder, D. Zhu, M. P. Schmitt, J. R. Wolfe, D. M. Miller, Microstructural effects and properties of non-line-of-sight coating processing via plasma spray-physical vapor deposition, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 26(6) (2017) 1052-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-017-0570-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-017-0570-5
[117] Z. Znamirowski, K. Nitsch, L. Pawłowski, The electric charge transport in titania–alumina composite cold cathodes made using atmospheric plasma spraying and laser engraving, Surface and Coatings Technology 220 (2013) 271-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.01.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.01.002
[118] M. Winnicki, A. Małachowska, A. Baszczuk, L. Pawłowski, Corrosion protection and electrical conductivity of copper coatings deposited by low-pressure cold spraying, Surface and Coatings Technology 318 (2017) 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.12.101
[119] S. S. Kumar, M. Thangarasu, S. Roy, B. Basu, Plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings for solid oxide fuel cells, in Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Emerging Applications, R. K. Gupta, A. Motallebzadeh, S. Kakooei et al. Eds., Elsevier, 2023, pp. 213-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99624-2.00005-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99624-2.00005-X
[120] P. Kumar, S. K. Sharma, R. K. R. Singh, Recent trends and future outlooks in manufacturing methods and applications of FGM: A comprehensive review, Materials and Manufacturing Processes 38(9) (2023) 1033-1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2022.2075892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2022.2075892
[121] K. Mamun, J. Stokes, Development of a semi-automated dual feed unit to produce FGM coatings using the HVOF thermal spray process, The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 32(1) (2014) 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1071/sp14003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/SP14003
[122] Q. X. Lieu, J. Lee, Modeling and optimization of functionally graded plates under thermo-mechanical load using isogeometric analysis and adaptive hybrid evolutionary firefly algorithm, Composite Structures 179 (2017) 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.07.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.07.016
[123] B. Bacchelli, G. Giavaresi, M. Franchi, N. N. Martini, M. De Pasquale, A. Trirè, A. Fini, R. Giardino, Influence of a zirconia sandblasting treated surface on peri-implant bone healing: An experimental study in sheep, Acta Biomaterialia 5(6) (2009) 2246-2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.01.024
[124] B. He, L. Zhang, X. Yun, C. Li, Y. Zhang, Comparative study of HVOF Cr₃C₂–NiCr coating with different bonding layer on the interactive behavior of fatigue and corrosion, Coatings 12(3) (2022) 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030307
[125] Z. D. Han, N. Chen, S. F. Zhao, L. W. Fan, G. N. Yang, Y. Shao, Y. Zhang, Effect of Ti additions on mechanical properties of NbMoTaW and VNbMoTaW refractory high entropy alloys, Intermetallics 84 (2017) 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2017.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2017.01.007
[126] P. Shi, H. Zhu, X. Dong, B. Hai, Research Progress on Thermal Runaway Warning Methods and Fire Extinguishing Technologies for Lithium-Ion Batteries, World Electric Vehicle Journal 16 (2025) 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020081
[127] M. R. Poole, S. B. Shah, M. D. Boyette, L. F. Stikeleather, T. Cleveland, Performance of a coupled transpired solar collector–phase change material-based thermal energy storage system, Energy and Buildings 161 (2018) 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.027
[128] H. Assadi, H. Kreye, F. Gärtner, T. Klassen, Cold spraying—A materials perspective, Acta Materialia 116 (2016) 382-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.034
[129] T. Chekifi, M. Boukraa, A. Benmoussa, Artificial Intelligence for Thermal Energy Storage Enhancement: A Comprehensive Review, Journal of Energy Resources Technology 146(6) (2024) 060802. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065197
[130] L. Thakur, H. Vasudev, J. Singh, G. Prashar, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Thermal Spray Industry: Practices, Implementation, and Challenges, CRC Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003400660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003400660
[131] Y.-J. Zhou, J.-J. Kang, M. Liu, G.-Z. Ma, Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, Q.-Q. Peng, R. Gao, H.-D. Wang, Intelligent thermal spraying: A comprehensive review of innovation driven by artificial intelligence and machine learning, Materials Today Communications 49 (2025) 113804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113804
[132] S. Deng, Z. Cai, D. Fang, H. Liao, G. Montavon, Application of robot offline programming in thermal spraying, Surface and Coatings Technology 206(19) (2012) 3875-3882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.038
[133] A. Bazgir, Y. Zhang, Machine learning approaches for heat treatment in thermal manufacturing processes: A review, ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 148(1) (2026) 010801. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4069270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4069270
[134] T. Gao, W. Lu, Machine learning toward advanced energy storage devices and systems, iScience 24(1) (2021) 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101936
[135] N. Mohammadi Lanbaran, D. Naujokaitis, G. Kairaitis, G. Jenciūtė, N. Radziukynienė, Overview of startups developing artificial intelligence for the energy sector, Applied Sciences 14 (2024) 8294. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188294
[136] Ł. Łach, D. Svyetlichnyy, Advances in numerical modeling for heat transfer and thermal management: A review of computational approaches and environmental impacts, Energies 18 (2025) 1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051302
[137] D.E. Keyes, L.C. McInnes, C. Woodward, W. Gropp, E. Myra, M. Pernice, J. Bell, J. Brown, A. Clo, J. Connors, Multiphysics simulations: Challenges and opportunities, The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 27(1) (2013) 4-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342012468181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094342012468181
[138] Z. Xue, T. Zhou, Z. Xu, S. Yu, Q. Dai, L. Fang, Fully forward mode training for optical neural networks, Nature 632(8024) (2024) 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07687-4
[139] E. A. Olivetti, J. M. Cole, E. Kim, O. Kononova, G. Ceder, T. Y.-J. Han, A. M. Hiszpanski, Data-driven materials research enabled by natural language processing and information extraction, Applied Physics Reviews 7(4) (2020) 041317. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0021106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0021106
[140] W. Zhou, Z. Liu, W. Chen, X. Sun, M. Luo, X. Zhang, C. Li, Y. An, S. Song, K. Wang, A review on thermal behaviors and thermal management systems for supercapacitors, Batteries 9(2) (2023) 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020128
[141] Y. Wen, K. Huang, Predicting the Rate of Degradation Related to Oxygen Electrode Delamination in Solid Oxide-Ion Electrolyzers, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 171 (2024) 034510. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3414 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad3414
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Amrinder Mehta, Hitesh Vasudev, Jashanpreet Singh, Gurbhej Singh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
