Validation of a low-cost carbon screen-printed electrode platform: a statistical approach

Original scientific paper

Authors

  • Juliene Morais de Faria Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo (DQ/FFCLRP/USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3076-4814
  • Thomaz Henrique da Cunha Reis Faculdade de Direito de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (FDRP/USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8455-9337
  • Larissa Silva de Azevedo Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo (IQSC/USP), Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos - SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-7981
  • Caio Henrique Pinke Rodrigues Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo (DQ/FFCLRP/USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7794-7484
  • Aline Thaís Bruni Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo (DQ/FFCLRP/USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-3042
  • Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira Departamento de Química. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo (DQ/FFCLRP/USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto - SP, CEP 14040-901, Brazil https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-2044

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3168

Keywords:

Electrochemical Sensors, voltammetry, electrochemical validation, statistical techniques, repeatability, reproducibility

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors have gained increasing attention for their high selectivity and sensitivity. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are particularly attractive as low-cost, disposable, and scalable platforms that enable miniaturized electrochemical cells and field-deployable measurements. Here, we report a low-cost and easily fabricated carbon paste -SPE platform consisting of a 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene body filled with carbon paste (graphite/mineral oil, 70:30) and a silver-ink pseudo-reference electrode. The device was evaluated using potassium ferricyanide (5.0 mmol L-1 in 0.5 mol L-1 KCl) as a redox probe. The ipa/ipc ratio was close to unity, while the peak-to-peak separa­tion (ΔEp≈949 mV) indicated kinetic/ohmic contributions typical of composite carbon-based printed electrodes. A linear relationship between the corrected anodic peak current (iap) and the square root of the scan rate (v1/2) yielded an electroactive area of 0.485 cm², substantially larger than the geometric area, consistent with surface heterogeneity/porosity. Statistical validation by ANOVA confirmed good repeatability and reproducibility (p > 0.05, 95 % confidence). Overall, the proposed CP-SPE provides a robust and reproducible low-cost platform with strong potential for voltammetric sensing applications.

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References

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10-04-2026

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Vol. 16 (2026)

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Electroanalytical chemistry

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Copyright (c) 2026 Juliene Morais de Faria, Thomaz Henrique da Cunha Reis, Larissa Silva de Azevedo, Caio Henrique Pinke Rodrigues, Aline Thaís Bruni, Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira

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Validation of a low-cost carbon screen-printed electrode platform: a statistical approach: Original scientific paper. (2026). Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 16, Article 3168. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3168

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