Simultaneous electrochemical determination of acetaminophen and ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using a holmium-modified UiO-66 metal-organic framework electrode: Original scientific paper

Nguyen Quang Man; Pham Thi Huyen Thoa; Phan  Tu Quy; Truong Thi Phuong Nga; Cao  Van Hoang; Le Van Thanh Son; Le Thi Hong Phong; Pham Khac Lieu; Le Lam Son; Dinh Quang Khieu

doi:10.5599/admet.3535

Authors

Nguyen Quang Man University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6511-1236
Pham Thi Huyen Thoa University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam and Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-309X
Phan Tu Quy Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot province, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-5944
Truong Thi Phuong Nga University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7774-5501
Cao Van Hoang Faculty of Natural Science, Quy Nhon University, Gialai Province, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0637-2614
Le Van Thanh Son University of Education and Science, The University of Danang, Danang city, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-6983
Le Thi Hong Phong 6Institute of Materials Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8825-6243
Pham Khac Lieu University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9002-1416
Le Lam Son University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8693-7472
Dinh Quang Khieu University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3473-6377

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.3535

Keywords:

Differential pulse voltammetry, drug quality control, metal-organic frameworks, multiplex sensing, rare-earth doping, standard addition method

Abstract

Background and purpose: The simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (ACE) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) is of considerable importance for pharmaceutical quality control, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensors. In this study, a holmium-modified UiO-66 metal-organic framework (Ho/UiO-66) was synthesized and evaluated as an electrode modifier for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of ACE and CIP. Experimental approach: Ho/UiO-66 was synthesized via a solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray mapping. The electrochemical behaviour of ACE and CIP at the Ho/UiO-66-modified glassy carbon electrode (Ho/UiO-66/GCE) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The effects of solution pH, scan rate, accumulation potential, and accumulation time were systematically optimized. Key results: The characterization results demonstrated the successful incorporation of Ho species while preserving the crystalline structure of UiO-66. Among the investigated materials, Ho/UiO-66 (3/100 molar ratio) exhibited the most favourable combination of crystallinity, porosity and electrochemical performance, and was therefore selected for sensor fabrication. Under the optimized conditions, well-resolved oxidation peaks for ACE and CIP were obtained, enabling their simultaneous determination without mutual interference. The oxidation processes were found to be predominantly diffusion-controlled. The developed sensor exhibited satisfactory analytical performance with wide linear concentration ranges, low detection limits, satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability. The sensor was applied to the determination of ACE and CIP in real pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory recoveries. The analytical results showed good agreement with those obtained using the reference high-performance liquid chromatography method. Conclusion: The proposed Ho/UiO-66/GCE sensor provides a reliable and practical platform for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of ACE and CIP, demonstrating its potential applicability for pharmaceutical analysis.

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References

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Simultaneous electrochemical determination of acetaminophen and ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using a holmium-modified UiO-66 metal-organic framework electrode

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