Rosanoid diterpenoids: structural diversity, classification and biological activities: Review paper

Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim; Hani Z.  Asfour; Gamal A.  Mohamed; Nabil A.  Alhakamy; Hossam M.  Abdallah; Hagar M.  Mohamed

doi:10.5599/admet.3165

Authors

Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-7560
Hani Z. Asfour Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5123-5879
Gamal A. Mohamed Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-6008
Nabil A. Alhakamy Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3826-1519
Hossam M. Abdallah Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0234-7492
Hagar M. Mohamed Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, College of Medical & Health Sciences, Liwa University, Abu Dhabi 41009, United Arab of Emirates https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6553-7840

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.3165

Keywords:

ent-rosane diterpenoids, rosane diterpenoid, natural products, drug discovery, sustainable development

Abstract

Background and purpose: Rosanoid diterpenoids, including ent-rosane and rosane diterpenoids, are structurally unique and bioactive subclass diterpenes characterized by a tricyclic carbon skeleton. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on these diterpenoids from 1975. to September 2025., including their occurrence, structural diversity, and biological activities. Approach: An extensive literature search was conducted through scientific databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and publishers’ webpages (Elsevier, Wiley, ACS, RSC, Taylor & Francis, Springer, Bentham, Thieme, and MDPI), covering reports from 1975 to September 2025. Key Results: Rosanoid diterpenoids have been isolated from various natural sources, including fungi, liverworts, and higher plant families such as Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Alismataceae, Asteraceae, Velloziaceae, and Celastraceae. They are predominantly found in Euphorbia species, revealing their chemotaxonomic relevance to the Euphorbiaceae family. These compounds exhibit extensive structural diversity, encompassing a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, enzyme-inhibitory, neuroactive, and anti-adipogenic effects. Conclusion: The reported findings highlight the chemical variability and pharmacological potential of rosanoid diterpenoids, making them promising building blocks for future drug discovery and natural product development. However, further studies are warranted to explore their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and biosynthetic pathways.

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