Nano-biomaterials in cancer therapy: Advances in targeting and overcoming cancer stem cell resistance
Review paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.3007Keywords:
Nanocarriers, therapeutic resistance, drug delivery systems, nanomedicine applications, tumour microenvironmentAbstract
Background and purpose: Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally, with long-term treatment success hindered by metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance. A central driver of these limitations is cancer stem cells (CSCs) - a rare subpopulation of tumour cells endowed with self-renewal and differentiation potential. CSCs contribute critically to tumour progression, metastatic spread, and resistance to conventional therapies, yet no clinically validated strategies currently exist to accurately detect or selectively eliminate them. Review approach: The paper systematically examined the literature on CSC origin, phenotypic characterization, isolation techniques, and mechanisms underlying resistance, including dormancy, enhanced DNA repair, apoptosis evasion, and microenvironmental protection. Particular attention was given to recent advances in nanomaterial-based strategies - metallic, carbon, and organic nanocarriers, designed to improve CSC-specific drug delivery, reactive oxygen species generation, pathway inhibition, and modulation of the CSC niche. Key results: Current CSC markers and in vivo models remain ambiguous and poorly standardized, limiting translational progress. Nanotechnology provides promising solutions by enabling targeted delivery and multi-functional therapy integration, yet most systems are still at the preclinical stage, constrained by issues of biocompatibility, targeting precision, and manufacturing scalability. Conclusion: Multifunctional nanoplatforms hold substantial potential to overcome CSC-driven resistance, improve therapeutic selectivity, and reduce recurrence. However, rigorous optimization and clinical validation are essential before these technologies can be integrated into routine oncology. This review advances understanding by outlining the intersection of CSC biology and nanomedicine, emphasizing translational pathways for CSC-targeted cancer therapy.
.
Downloads
References
[1] R.L. Siegel, K.D. Miller, A. Jemal. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 69 (2019) 7–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21551
[2] R.L. Siegel, A.N. Giaquinto, A. Jemal. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 74 (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21820
[3] R. Mirzayans, D. Murray. What are the reasons for continuing failures in cancer therapy? Are misleading/inappropriate preclinical assays to be blamed? Might some modern therapies cause more harm than benefit? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (2022) 13217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113217
[4] C.E. Eyler, J.N. Rich. Survival of the fittest: cancer stem cells in therapeutic resistance and angiogenesis. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 26 (2008) 2839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.1829
[5] F. Molaabasi, A. Kefayat, M. Sarparast, B. Hajipour-Verdom, M. Shamsipur, A. Seyfoori, A.A. Moosavi-Movahedi, M. Bahrami, M. Karami, M. Dehshiri. Bioelectrocatalytic Activity of One-Dimensional Porous Pt Nanoribbons for Efficient Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16 (2024) 29581–29599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c00757
[6] D. Bonnet, J.E. Dick. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nature medicine 3 (1997) 730–737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0797-730
[7] R. Bjerkvig, B.B. Tysnes, K.S. Aboody, J. Najbauer, A. Terzis. The origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nature Reviews Cancer 5 (2005) 899–904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1740
[8] S. Zhang, C. Balch, M.W. Chan, H.-C. Lai, D. Matei, J.M. Schilder, P.S. Yan, T.H. Huang, K.P. Nephew. Identification and characterization of ovarian cancer-initiating cells from primary human tumors. Cancer research 68 (2008) 4311–4320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0364
[9] Z. Yu, T.G. Pestell, M.P. Lisanti, R.G. Pestell. Cancer stem cells. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 44 (2012) 2144–2151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.022
[10] L.T.H. Phi, I.N. Sari, Y.-G. Yang, S.-H. Lee, N. Jun, K.S. Kim, Y.K. Lee, H.Y. Kwon. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in drug resistance and their therapeutic implications in cancer treatment. Stem cells international 2018 (2018) 5416923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5416923
[11] E. Batlle, H. Clevers. Cancer stem cells revisited. Nature medicine 23 (2017) 1124–1134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4409
[12] P. Grodzinski, M. Kircher, M. Goldberg, A. Gabizon. Integrating nanotechnology into cancer care. ACS Publications, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04266
[13] G.M. Whitesides, J.P. Mathias, C.T. Seto. Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science 254 (1991) 1312–1319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1962191
[14] N.I.M. Fadilah, I.L.M. Isa, W.S.W.K. Zaman, Y. Tabata, M.B. Fauzi. The effect of nanoparticle-incorporated natural-based biomaterials towards cells on activated pathways: A systematic review. Polymers 14 (2022) 476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030476
[15] L.C. Massimino, H.A. Faria, S.A. Yoshioka. Curcumin bioactive nanosizing: Increase of bioavailability. Industrial crops and products 109 (2017) 493–497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.001
[16] Z. Zhang, M. Sant’Ana Filho, J.E. Noer. The biology of head and neck cancer stem cells. Oral oncology 48 (2012) 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.10.004
[17] C.A. Goldthwaite. Are stem cells involved in cancer. Regenerative Medicine 9 (2006) 89–96.
[18] F. Li, B. Tiede, J. Massagué, Y. Kang. Beyond tumorigenesis: cancer stem cells in metastasis. Cell research 17 (2007) 3–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7310118
[19] A. Biddle, I.C. Mackenzie. Cancer stem cells and EMT in carcinoma. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 31 (2012) 285–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-012-9345-0
[20] G. Basati, M. Khaksarian, S. Abbaszadeh, H.E. Lashgarian, A. Marzban. Cancer stem cells and nanotechnological approaches for eradication. Stem cell investigation 6 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/sci.2019.10.07
[21] R.H. Tammi, A. Kultti, V.-M. Kosma, R. Pirinen, P. Auvinen, M.I. Tammi, Seminars in cancer biology, 2008, pp. 288–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.005
[22] N.-s. Wang, M. Wei, W.-l. Ma, W. Meng, W.-l. Zheng. Knockdown of CD44 enhances chemosensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells to ADM and Ara-C. Tumor Biology 35 (2014) 3933–3940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-013-1523-3
[23] Z. Li. CD133: a stem cell biomarker and beyond. Experimental hematology & oncology 2 (2013) 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2162-3619-2-17
[24] A. Koren, M. Rijavec, I. Kern, E. Sodja, P. Korosec, T. Cufer. BMI1, ALDH1A1, and CD133 transcripts connect epithelial-mesenchymal transition to cancer stem cells in lung carcinoma. Stem cells international 2016 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9714315
[25] Y. Tan, B. Chen, W. Xu, W. Zhao, J. Wu. Clinicopathological significance of CD133 in lung cancer: A meta‑analysis. Molecular and clinical oncology 2 (2014) 111–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2013.195
[26] Z. Pei, G. Zhu, X. Huo, L. Gao, S. Liao, J. He, Y. Long, H. Yi, S. Xiao, W. Yi. CD24 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells in vitro. Oncology reports 35 (2016) 1593–1601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4521
[27] Y. Zhou, L. Xia, H. Wang, L. Oyang, M. Su, Q. Liu, J. Lin, S. Tan, Y. Tian, Q. Liao. Cancer stem cells in progression of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 9 (2018) 33403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23607
[28] R. Januchowski, K. Wojtowicz, M. Zabel. The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in cancer drug resistance. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 67 (2013) 669–680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2013.04.005
[29] P. Marcato, C.A. Dean, D. Pan, R. Araslanova, M. Gillis, M. Joshi, L. Helyer, L. Pan, A. Leidal, S. Gujar. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of breast cancer stem cells is primarily due to isoform ALDH1A3 and its expression is predictive of metastasis. Stem cells 29 (2011) 32–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.563
[30] R.G. Deeley, S.P. Cole. Substrate recognition and transport by multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCC1). FEBS letters 580 (2006) 1103–1111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.036
[31] W. Mo, J.-Y. Liu, J.-T. Zhang. Biochemistry and pharmacology of human ABCC1/MRP1 and its role in detoxification and in multidrug resistance of cancer chemotherapy. Recent Advances in Cancer Research and Therapy; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2012) 371–404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397833-2.00014-5
[32] R.W. Robey, O. Polgar, J. Deeken, K.W. To, S.E. Bates. ABCG2: determining its relevance in clinical drug resistance. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 26 (2007) 39–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-007-9042-6
[33] D.D. Ross, T. Nakanishi. Impact of breast cancer resistance protein on cancer treatment outcomes. Multi-drug resistance in cancer (2010) 251–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-416-6_12
[34] P.R. Prasetyanti, J.P. Medema. Intra-tumor heterogeneity from a cancer stem cell perspective. Molecular cancer 16 (2017) 41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-017-0600-4
[35] D. Nassar, C. Blanpain. Cancer stem cells: basic concepts and therapeutic implications. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 11 (2016) 47–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044438
[36] C. Saygin, D. Matei, R. Majeti, O. Reizes, J.D. Lathia. Targeting cancer stemness in the clinic: from hype to hope. Cell stem cell 24 (2019) 25–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.11.017
[37] P.C. Hermann, S.L. Huber, T. Herrler, A. Aicher, J.W. Ellwart, M. Guba, C.J. Bruns, C. Heeschen. Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell stem cell 1 (2007) 313–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2007.06.002
[38] S. Selleri, F. Arnaboldi, M. Palazzo, U. Hussein, A. Balsari, C. Rumio. Caveolin‐1 is expressed on multipotent cells of hair follicles and might be involved in their resistance to chemotherapy. British Journal of Dermatology 153 (2005) 506–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06746.x
[39] L.N. Abdullah, E.K.-H. Chow. Mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer stem cells. Clinical and translational medicine 2 (2013) 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2001-1326-2-3
[40] J. Wang, X. Liu, Z. Jiang, L. Li, Z. Cui, Y. Gao, D. Kong, X. Liu. A novel method to limit breast cancer stem cells in states of quiescence, proliferation or differentiation: Use of gel stress in combination with stem cell growth factors. Oncology Letters 12 (2016) 1355–1360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4757
[41] H. Glavinas, P. Krajcsi, J. Cserepes, B. Sarkadi. The role of ABC transporters in drug resistance, metabolism and toxicity. Current drug delivery 1 (2004) 27–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201043480036
[42] S. Nobili, A. Lapucci, I. Landini, M. Coronnello, G. Roviello, E. Mini, Seminars in cancer biology, 2020, pp. 72–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.006
[43] C. Hirschmann-Jax, A.E. Foster, G.G. Wulf, J.G. Nuchtern, T.W. Jax, U. Gobel, M.A. Goodell, M.K. Brenner. A distinct “side population” of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004) 14228–14233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400067101
[44] K. Moitra. Overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer stem cells. BioMed research international 2015 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/635745
[45] B. Huang, S.J. Fu, W.Z. Fan, Z.H. Wang, Z.B. Chen, S.J. Guo, J.X. Chen, S.P. Qiu. PKCε inhibits isolation and stemness of side population cells via the suppression of ABCB1 transporter and PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK signaling in renal cell carcinoma cell line 769P. Cancer Letters 376 (2016) 148–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.041
[46] I. Tsochantaridis, A. Roupas, S. Mohlin, A. Pappa, G.-P. Voulgaridou. The concept of cancer stem cells: Elaborating on ALDH1B1 as an emerging marker of cancer progression. Life 13 (2023) 197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010197
[47] C.J. Hessman, E.J. Bubbers, K.G. Billingsley, D.O. Herzig, M.H. Wong. Loss of expression of the cancer stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 correlates with advanced-stage colorectal cancer. The American journal of surgery 203 (2012) 649–653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.01.003
[48] D.A. Averill-Bates, The antioxidant glutathione, in Vitamins and hormones, Elsevier2023, p. 109–141 0083-6729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2022.09.002
[49] M. Alipour, B. Hajipour-Verdom, M. Javan, P. Abdolmaleki. Static and electromagnetic fields differently affect proliferation and cell death through acid enhancement of ROS generation in mesenchymal stem cells. Radiation research 198 (2022) 384–395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1667/RADE-21-00037.1
[50] P. Jagust, S. Alcalá, B. Sainz Jr, C. Heeschen, P. Sancho. Glutathione metabolism is essential for self-renewal and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer stem cells. World journal of stem cells 12 (2020) 1410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1410
[51] Q. Wei, J. Lin, Z. Lin, N. Yu, Y. Wu, X. Tan, D. Xue. GOLPH3 inhibition overcomes cisplatin resistance by restoring the glutathione/reactive oxygen species balance in the A549 non‑small cell lung cancer cell line. Oncology Reports 52 (2024) 170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2024.8829
[52] L. Campos, J.-P. Rouault, O. Sabido, P. Oriol, N. Roubi, C. Vasselon, E. Archimbaud, J.-P. Magaud, D. Guyotat. High expression of bcl-2 protein in acute myeloid leukemia cells is associated with poor response to chemotherapy. (1993). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V81.11.3091.3091
[53] F. Jin, L. Zhao, H.-Y. Zhao, S.-G. Guo, J. Feng, X.-B. Jiang, S.-L. Zhang, Y.-J. Wei, R. Fu, J.-S. Zhao. Comparison between cells and cancer stem-like cells isolated from glioblastoma and astrocytoma on expression of anti-apoptotic and multidrug resistance–associated protein genes. Neuroscience 154 (2008) 541–550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.054
[54] J. Chappell, S. Dalton. Altered cell cycle regulation helps stem-like carcinoma cells resist apoptosis. BMC biology 8 (2010) 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-8-63
[55] J.M. Siqueira, D. Heguedusch, C.O. Rodini, F.D. Nunes, M.F.S.D. Rodrigues. Mechanisms involved in cancer stem cell resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Drug Resistance 6 (2023) 116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20517/cdr.2022.107
[56] X. Chu, W. Tian, J. Ning, G. Xiao, Y. Zhou, Z. Wang, Z. Zhai, G. Tanzhu, J. Yang, R. Zhou. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal transduction and targeted therapy 9 (2024) 170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y
[57] G. Liu, X. Yuan, Z. Zeng, P. Tunici, H. Ng, I.R. Abdulkadir, L. Lu, D. Irvin, K.L. Black, J.S. Yu. Analysis of gene expression and chemoresistance of CD133+ cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Molecular cancer 5 (2006) 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-5-67
[58] E. Abad, D. Graifer, A. Lyakhovich. DNA damage response and resistance of cancer stem cells. Cancer Letters 474 (2020) 106–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.008
[59] Q.-E. Wang. DNA damage responses in cancer stem cells: Implications for cancer therapeutic strategies. World journal of biological chemistry 6 (2015) 57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.57
[60] P. Vishnupriya, A. Aparna, V. Vijaya Padma, Functional Correlation Between ROS and Cancer Stem Cells in Cancer Progression, in Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects, Springer2022, p. 1905–1929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5422-0_89
[61] F. Karimi-Busheri, A. Rasouli-Nia, J.R. Mackey, M. Weinfeld. Senescence evasion by MCF-7 human breast tumor-initiating cells. Breast Cancer Research 12 (2010) 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2583
[62] Y. Zhang, X. Wang. Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer. Journal of hematology & oncology 13 (2020) 165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-020-00990-3
[63] S. Bao, Q. Wu, R.E. McLendon, Y. Hao, Q. Shi, A.B. Hjelmeland, M.W. Dewhirst, D.D. Bigner, J.N. Rich. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. nature 444 (2006) 756–760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05236
[64] M. Louka, E. Boutou, V. Bakou, V. Pappa, A. Georgoulis, H.-W. Stürzbecher, C.E. Vorgias, D. Vlachodimitropoulos. DNA damage response/repair in cancer stem cells—potential vs. controversies. Advances in DNA Repair 10 (2015) 61355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/61355
[65] D. Li, X. Peng, G. He, J. Liu, X. Li, W. Lin, J. Fang, X. Li, S. Yang, L. Yang. Crosstalk between autophagy and CSCs: molecular mechanisms and translational implications. Cell death & disease 14 (2023) 409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-05929-3
[66] M. Najafi, K. Mortezaee, J. Majidpoor. Cancer stem cell (CSC) resistance drivers. Life sciences 234 (2019) 116781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116781
[67] D. Liu, X. Li, B. Zeng, Q. Zhao, H. Chen, Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, J. Wang, H.R. Xing. Exosomal microRNA-4535 of melanoma stem cells promotes metastasis by inhibiting autophagy pathway. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 19 (2023) 155–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-022-10358-4
[68] W. Chen, Y. Qin, S. Liu. Cytokines, breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and chemoresistance. Clinical and translational medicine 7 (2018) 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40169-018-0205-6
[69] H. Korkaya, S. Liu, M.S. Wicha. Regulation of cancer stem cells by cytokine networks: attacking cancer's inflammatory roots. Clinical cancer research 17 (2011) 6125–6129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2743
[70] R. Ojha, S. Bhattacharyya, S.K. Singh. Autophagy in cancer stem cells: a potential link between chemoresistance, recurrence, and metastasis. BioResearch open access 4 (2015) 97–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/biores.2014.0035
[71] J. Chen, S. Chen, L. Zhuo, Y. Zhu, H. Zheng. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic mimicry by miR-450a-5p/SOX2 axis in colorectal cancer. Cell death & disease 11 (2020) 173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2361-z
[72] C. Folkins, Y. Shaked, S. Man, T. Tang, C.R. Lee, Z. Zhu, R.M. Hoffman, R.S. Kerbel. Glioma tumor stem-like cells promote tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal-derived factor 1. Cancer research 69 (2009) 7243–7251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0167
[73] E. Hiyama, K. Hiyama. Telomere and telomerase in stem cells. British journal of cancer 96 (2007) 1020–1024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603671
[74] Z. Ju, K.L. Rudolph. Telomeres and telomerase in cancer stem cells. European Journal of Cancer 42 (2006) 1197–1203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.040
[75] K. Walter, E. Rodriguez-Aznar, M.S.V. Ferreira, P.-O. Frappart, T. Dittrich, K. Tiwary, S. Meessen, L. Lerma, N. Daiss, L.-A. Schulte. Telomerase and pluripotency factors jointly regulate stemness in pancreatic cancer stem cells. Cancers 13 (2021) 3145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133145
[76] Z. Liu, Q. Li, K. Li, L. Chen, W. Li, M. Hou, T. Liu, J. Yang, C. Lindvall, M. Björkholm. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transition and stem cell-like traits in cancer cells. Oncogene 32 (2013) 4203–4213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.441
[77] F. Dogan, C.B. Avci. Correlation between telomerase and mTOR pathway in cancer stem cells. Gene 641 (2018) 235–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.072
[78] R.A. Willis, The spread of tumours in the human body, J. & A. Churchill, 1934.
[79] B. Quesnel. Tumor dormancy: long-term survival in a hostile environment. Systems biology of tumor dormancy (2013) 181–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_9
[80] P. Patel, E.I. Chen. Cancer stem cells, tumor dormancy, and metastasis. Frontiers in endocrinology 3 (2012) 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2012.00125
[81] S. Talukdar, P. Bhoopathi, L. Emdad, S. Das, D. Sarkar, P.B. Fisher. Dormancy and cancer stem cells: An enigma for cancer therapeutic targeting. Advances in cancer research 141 (2019) 43–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.002
[82] J. Heddleston, Z. Li, J.a. Lathia, S. Bao, A. Hjelmeland, J. Rich. Hypoxia inducible factors in cancer stem cells. British journal of cancer 102 (2010) 789–795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605551
[83] T. Shi, J. Zhu, X. Zhang, X. Mao. The role of hypoxia and cancer stem cells in development of glioblastoma. Cancers 15 (2023) 2613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15092613
[84] J. Chen, Z. Ding, Y. Peng, F. Pan, J. Li, L. Zou, Y. Zhang, H. Liang. HIF-1α inhibition reverses multidrug resistance in colon cancer cells via downregulation of MDR1/P-glycoprotein. PloS one 9 (2014) e98882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098882
[85] P. Nisticò, M.J. Bissell, D.C. Radisky. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: general principles and pathological relevance with special emphasis on the role of matrix metalloproteinases. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 4 (2012) a011908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a011908
[86] S. Heerboth, G. Housman, M. Leary, M. Longacre, S. Byler, K. Lapinska, A. Willbanks, S. Sarkar. EMT and tumor metastasis. Clinical and translational medicine 4 (2015) 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40169-015-0048-3
[87] Y. Shiozawa, B. Nie, K.J. Pienta, T.M. Morgan, R.S. Taichman. Cancer stem cells and their role in metastasis. Pharmacology & therapeutics 138 (2013) 285–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.014
[88] E. Aydemir Çoban, F. Şahin. Cancer stem cells in metastasis therapy. Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 2: Approaches for Diverse Diseases and Conditions (2018) 97–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_279
[89] S.M. Beecher, D.P. OʼLeary, R. McLaughlin, M.J. Kerin. The impact of surgical complications on cancer recurrence rates: a literature review. Oncology Research and Treatment 41 (2018) 478–482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000487510
[90] C. Liu, M. Yang, D. Zhang, M. Chen, D. Zhu. Clinical cancer immunotherapy: Current progress and prospects. Frontiers in immunology 13 (2022) 961805. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.961805
[91] S. Tan, D. Li, X. Zhu. Cancer immunotherapy: Pros, cons and beyond. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 124 (2020) 109821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109821
[92] J. Abraham, J. Staffurth. Hormonal therapy for cancer. Medicine 44 (2016) 30–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.10.014
[93] L. Fleming, S. Agnew, N. Peddie, M. Crawford, D. Dixon, I. MacPherson. The impact of medication side effects on adherence and persistence to hormone therapy in breast cancer survivors: A quantitative systematic review. The Breast 64 (2022) 63–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2022.04.010
[94] L. Torezan, B. Grinblat, M. Hædersdal, N. Valente, C. Festa‐Neto, R. Szeimies. A randomized split‐scalp study comparing calcipotriol‐assisted methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) with conventional MAL‐PDT for the treatment of actinic keratosis. British Journal of Dermatology 179 (2018) 829–835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16473
[95] B. Cesur‐Ergün, D. Demir‐Dora. Gene therapy in cancer. The Journal of Gene Medicine 25 (2023) e3550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jgm.3550
[96] A. Mitra, L. Mishra, S. Li. EMT, CTCs and CSCs in tumor relapse and drug-resistance. Oncotarget 6 (2015) 10697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4037
[97] A. Orza, O. Soriţău, C. Tomuleasa, L. Olenic, A. Florea, O. Pana, I. Bratu, E. Pall, S. Florian, D. Casciano. Reversing chemoresistance of malignant glioma stem cells using gold nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine (2013) 689–702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S37481
[98] Y.N. Ertas, K. Abedi Dorcheh, A. Akbari, E. Jabbari. Nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to cancer stem cells: a review of recent advances. Nanomaterials 11 (2021) 1755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071755
[99] L.A. Kolahalam, I.K. Viswanath, B.S. Diwakar, B. Govindh, V. Reddy, Y. Murthy. Review on nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications. Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 2182–2190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.371
[100] M. Dehghani, P. Ghadam. Green Synthesis of ZnO-NPs by Juglans regia Green Husk Aqueous Extract. Materials Proceedings 14 (2023) 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCN2023-14444
[101] M. Dehghani, B. Hajipour-Verdom, P. Abdolmaleki. Effect of precipitating agent, N2 gas, extract volume and pH on the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by green synthesis from aqueous pomegranate peel extract. Frontiers in Chemistry 12 1413077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2024.1413077
[102] M. Shamsipur, E. Babaee, M.-B. Gholivand, F. Molaabasi, F. Mousavi, A. Barati, B. Hajipour Verdom, B. Shojaedin-Givi, H. Naderi-Manesh. Bright green light-emitting gold nanoclusters confined in insulin as selective fluorescent switch probes for sensing and imaging of copper ions and glutathione. ACS Applied Nano Materials 6 (2023) 5939–5951. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c00342
[103] M. Shamsipur, E. Babaee, M.-B. Gholivand, F. Molaabasi, B. Hajipour-Verdom, M. Sedghi. Intrinsic dual emissive insulin capped Au/Ag nanoclusters as single ratiometric nanoprobe for reversible detection of pH and temperature and cell imaging. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 250 (2024) 116064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2024.116064
[104] M. Shamsipur, A. Chabok, F. Molaabasi, A. Seyfoori, B. Hajipour-Verdom, B. Shojaedin-Givi, M. Sedghi, H. Naderi-Manesh, A. Yeganeh-Faal. Label free phosphate functionalized semiconducting polymer dots for detection of iron (III) and cytochrome c with application to apoptosis imaging. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 141 (2019) 111337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111337
[105] L.S. Arias, J.P. Pessan, A.P.M. Vieira, T.M.T.d. Lima, A.C.B. Delbem, D.R. Monteiro. Iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications: a perspective on synthesis, drugs, antimicrobial activity, and toxicity. Antibiotics 7 (2018) 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7020046
[106] M. Kazemi‐Ashtiyani, B. Hajipour‐Verdom, M. Satari, P. Abdolmaleki, S. Hosseinkhani, H. Shaki. Estimating the two graph dextran–stearic acid–spermine polymers based on iron oxide nanoparticles as carrier for gene delivery. Biopolymers 113 (2022) e23491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.23491
[107] F. Ashoori, B. Hajipour-Verdom, M. Satari, P. Abdolmaleki. Polyethylenimine-based iron oxide nanoparticles enhance cisplatin toxicity in ovarian cancer cells in the presence of a static magnetic field. Frontiers in Oncology 13 (2023) 1217800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1217800
[108] M.K. Ashtiyani, B. Hajipour-Verdom, M. Satari, P. Abdolmaleki, S. Hosseinkhani. Estimating the effect of two graph dextran-stearic acid-spermine polymers based on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as carrier for gene delivery. Authorea Preprints (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.170664666.66997503/v1
[109] F. Molaabasi, B. Hajipour-Verdom, M. Alipour, S.M. Naghib. Fluorescent nanoclusters for imaging of cells/stem cells. Stem Cell Nanotechnology: Methods and Protocols (2020) 27–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2019_273
[110] A.F. Farag, N.F. Hassabou. CD24-gold nanocomposite as promising and sensitive biomarker for cancer stem cells in salivary gland tumors. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 46 (2022) 102598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2022.102598
[111] Z. Su, D. Liu, L. Chen, J. Zhang, L. Ru, Z. Chen, Z. Gao, X. Wang. CD44-targeted magnetic nanoparticles kill head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stem cells in an alternating magnetic field. International journal of nanomedicine (2019) 7549–7560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S215087
[112] Y. Zhao, W. Zhao, Y.C. Lim, T. Liu. Salinomycin-loaded gold nanoparticles for treating cancer stem cells by ferroptosis-induced cell death. Molecular pharmaceutics 16 (2019) 2532–2539. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00132
[113] R. Kaur, K. Singh, S. Agarwal, M. Masih, A. Chauhan, P.K. Gautam. Silver nanoparticles induces apoptosis of cancer stem cells in head and neck cancer. Toxicology Reports 12 (2024) 10–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.11.008
[114] M. Benguigui, I.S. Weitz, M. Timaner, T. Kan, D. Shechter, O. Perlman, S. Sivan, Z. Raviv, H. Azhari, Y. Shaked. Copper oxide nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic tumor growth primarily by targeting tumor initiating cells. Scientific Reports 9 (2019) 12613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48959-8
[115] Z. Fakhroueian, S. Rajabi, N. Salehi, M.R. Tavirani, S. Noori, M. Nourbakhsh. Anticancer properties of novel zinc oxide quantum dot nanoparticles against breast cancer stem-like cells. Anti-Cancer Drugs 33 (2022) e311–e326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CAD.0000000000001207
[116] M. Satari, B. Hajipoor, S. Hosseinkhani, P. Abdolmaleki. Investigating the effect of 50 Hz alternating magnetic field on nucleic acid delivery by magnetofection method. Modares Journal of Biotechnology 15 (2024) 0–0.
[117] H.P. Kok, E.N. Cressman, W. Ceelen, C.L. Brace, R. Ivkov, H. Grüll, G. Ter Haar, P. Wust, J. Crezee. Heating technology for malignant tumors: A review. International Journal of Hyperthermia 37 (2020) 711–741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2020.1779357
[118] B. Hajipour Verdom, P. Abdolmaleki, M. Behmanesh. The static magnetic field remotely boosts the efficiency of doxorubicin through modulating ROS behaviors. Scientific reports 8 (2018) 990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19247-8
[119] T. Sadhukha, L. Niu, T.S. Wiedmann, J. Panyam. Effective elimination of cancer stem cells by magnetic hyperthermia. Molecular pharmaceutics 10 (2013) 1432–1441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/mp400015b
[120] S. Fernandes, T. Fernandez, S. Metze, P.B. Balakrishnan, B.T. Mai, J. Conteh, C. De Mei, A. Turdo, S. Di Franco, G. Stassi. Magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia mediates drug delivery and impairs the tumorigenic capacity of quiescent colorectal cancer stem cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13 (2021) 15959–15972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21349
[121] Y. Xu, J. Wang, X. Li, Y. Liu, L. Dai, X. Wu, C. Chen. Selective inhibition of breast cancer stem cells by gold nanorods mediated plasmonic hyperthermia. Biomaterials 35 (2014) 4667–4677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.035
[122] K. Bhattacharya, S.P. Mukherjee, A. Gallud, S.C. Burkert, S. Bistarelli, S. Bellucci, M. Bottini, A. Star, B. Fadeel. Biological interactions of carbon-based nanomaterials: From coronation to degradation. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 12 (2016) 333–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2015.11.011
[123] M. Amiri, A.M. Haji Shabani, S. Dadfarnia, N. Shokoufi, B. Hajipour-Verdom, S. Sadjadi. Carbon dots doped by nitrogen and sulfur for dual-mode colorimetric and fluorometric determination of Fe 3+ and histidine and intracellular imaging of Fe 3+ in living cells. Microchimica Acta 187 (2020) 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04512-3
[124] A. Chabok, A. Yeganeh-Faal, B. Hajipour-Verdom, B. Shojaedin-Givi, M. Shamsipur. Nile red-doped fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots as a highly sensitive hydrophobicity probe: protein conformational changes detection and plasma membrane imaging. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 16 (2019) 535–543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-018-1531-8
[125] M. Zare-Moghadam, M. Shamsipur, F. Molaabasi, B. Hajipour-Verdom. Chromium speciation by isophthalic acid-doped polymer dots as sensitive and selective fluorescent probes. Talanta 209 (2020) 120521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120521
[126] A. Al Faraj, A.S. Shaik, B. Al Sayed, R. Halwani, I. Al Jammaz. Specific targeting and noninvasive imaging of breast cancer stem cells using single-walled carbon nanotubes as novel multimodality nanoprobes. Nanomedicine 11 (2016) 31–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.15.182
[127] A.R. Burke, R.N. Singh, D.L. Carroll, J.C. Wood, R.B. D’Agostino Jr, P.M. Ajayan, F.M. Torti, S.V. Torti. The resistance of breast cancer stem cells to conventional hyperthermia and their sensitivity to nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 33 (2012) 2961–2970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.052
[128] Y.-J. Choi, S. Gurunathan, J.-H. Kim. Graphene oxide–silver nanocomposite enhances cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of salinomycin in human ovarian cancer stem cells (OvCSCs): a novel approach for cancer therapy. International journal of molecular sciences 19 (2018) 710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030710
[129] P. Ghoderao, S. Sahare, A.A. Kulkarni, T. Bhave, Paclitaxel conjugated magnetic carbon nanotubes induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cells in vitro, in Paclitaxel, Elsevier2022, p. 309–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90951-8.00001-1
[130] Y. Miao, H. Zhang, Y. Pan, J. Ren, M. Ye, F. Xia, R. Huang, Z. Lin, S. Jiang, Y. Zhang. Single-walled carbon nanotube: One specific inhibitor of cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma upon downregulation of the TGFβ1 signaling. Biomaterials 149 (2017) 29–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.032
[131] J.P. Rao, K.E. Geckeler. Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters. Progress in polymer science 36 (2011) 887–913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.001
[132] Y. Gao, A.N. Shelling, E. Nolan, D. Porter, E. Leung, Z. Wu. Liposome-enabled bufalin and doxorubicin combination therapy for trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer with a focus on cancer stem cells. Journal of Liposome Research (2024) 1–18.
[133] S.M. Basu, S.K. Yadava, R. Singh, J. Giri. Lipid nanocapsules co-encapsulating paclitaxel and salinomycin for eradicating breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 204 (2021) 111775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111775
[134] S.A. Navarro-Marchal, C. Grinan-Lison, J.-M. Entrena, G. Ruiz-Alcalá, M. Tristán-Manzano, F. Martin, I. Pérez-Victoria, J.M. Peula-García, J.A. Marchal. Anti-CD44-conjugated olive oil liquid nanocapsules for targeting pancreatic cancer stem cells. Biomacromolecules 22 (2021) 1374–1388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01546
[135] W. Rao, H. Wang, J. Han, S. Zhao, J. Dumbleton, P. Agarwal, W. Zhang, G. Zhao, J. Yu, D.L. Zynger. Chitosan-decorated doxorubicin-encapsulated nanoparticle targets and eliminates tumor reinitiating cancer stem-like cells. ACS nano 9 (2015) 5725–5740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506928p
[136] R.K. Verma, W. Yu, S.P. Singh, S. Shankar, R.K. Srivastava. Anthothecol-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic cancer stem cell growth by modulating sonic hedgehog pathway. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 11 (2015) 2061–2070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.001
[137] X. Zhang, K. Powell, L. Li. Breast cancer stem cells: biomarkers, identification and isolation methods, regulating mechanisms, cellular origin, and beyond. Cancers 12 (2020) 3765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123765
[138] I. Conde, A.S. Ribeiro, J. Paredes. Breast cancer stem cell membrane biomarkers: therapy targeting and clinical implications. Cells 11 (2022) 934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11060934
[139] K. Frąszczak, B. Barczyński. The role of cancer stem cell markers in ovarian cancer. Cancers 16 (2023) 40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16010040
[140] P. Królewska-Daszczyńska, D. Wendlocha, M. Smycz-Kubańska, S. Stępień, A. Mielczarek-Palacz. Cancer stem cells markers in ovarian cancer: Clinical and therapeutic significance. Oncology Letters 24 (2022) 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13585
[141] D. Prabavathy, Y. Swarnalatha, N. Ramadoss. Lung cancer stem cells—origin, characteristics and therapy. Stem cell investigation 5 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/sci.2018.02.01
[142] Y. Zheng, L. Wang, L. Yin, Z. Yao, R. Tong, J. Xue, Y. Lu. Lung cancer stem cell markers as therapeutic targets: an update on signaling pathways and therapies. Frontiers in Oncology 12 (2022) 873994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.873994
[143] V. Sumbly, I. Landry. Understanding pancreatic cancer stem cells and their role in carcinogenesis: a narrative review. Stem cell investigation 9 (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/sci-2021-067
[144] A. Gzil, I. Zarębska, W. Bursiewicz, P. Antosik, D. Grzanka, Ł. Szylberg. Markers of pancreatic cancer stem cells and their clinical and therapeutic implications. Molecular biology reports 46 (2019) 6629–6645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-05058-1
[145] P. Dalerba, S.J. Dylla, I.-K. Park, R. Liu, X. Wang, R.W. Cho, T. Hoey, A. Gurney, E.H. Huang, D.M. Simeone. Phenotypic characterization of human colorectal cancer stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007) 10158–10163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703478104
[146] M. Fedyanin, P. Anna, P. Elizaveta, T. Sergei. Role of stem cells in colorectal cancer progression and prognostic and predictive characteristics of stem cell markers in colorectal cancer. Current stem cell research & therapy 12 (2017) 19–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1574888X11666160905092938
[147] K. Zhang, S. Zhou, L. Wang, J. Wang, Q. Zou, W. Zhao, Q. Fu, X. Fang. Current stem cell biomarkers and their functional mechanisms in prostate cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 (2016) 1163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17071163
[148] I.M. Koukourakis, K. Platoni, V. Kouloulias, S. Arelaki, A. Zygogianni. Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Biology and Treatment Implications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24 (2023) 14890. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914890
[149] X.-g. Mao, X. Zhang, X.-y. Xue, G. Guo, P. Wang, W. Zhang, Z. Fei, H.-n. Zhen, S.-w. You, H. Yang. Brain tumor stem-like cells identified by neural stem cell marker CD15. Translational oncology 2 (2009) 247–257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1593/tlo.09136
[150] S. Lin, K. Li, L. Qi. Cancer stem cells in brain tumors: From origin to clinical implications. MedComm 4 (2023) e341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.341
[151] R. Kinstrie, G.A. Horne, H. Morrison, H.A. Moka, J. Cassels, K. Dunn, P. Herzyk, D.A. Irvine, M. Copland. CD93 is a novel biomarker of leukemia stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 126 (2015) 49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V126.23.49.49
[152] H. Herrmann, I. Sadovnik, S. Cerny-Reiterer, T. Rülicke, G. Stefanzl, M. Willmann, G. Hoermann, M. Bilban, K. Blatt, S. Herndlhofer. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) defines leukemic stem cells (LSC) in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology 123 (2014) 3951–3962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-10-536078
[153] D. Fang, T.K. Nguyen, K. Leishear, R. Finko, A.N. Kulp, S. Hotz, P.A. Van Belle, X. Xu, D.E. Elder, M. Herlyn. A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas. Cancer research 65 (2005) 9328–9337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1343
[154] G. Civenni, A. Walter, N. Kobert, D. Mihic-Probst, M. Zipser, B. Belloni, B. Seifert, H. Moch, R. Dummer, M. van den Broek. Human CD271-positive melanoma stem cells associated with metastasis establish tumor heterogeneity and long-term growth. Cancer research 71 (2011) 3098–3109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3997
[155] X. Sang, F. Wu, D. Wu, S. Lin, J. Li, N. Zhao, X. Chen, A. Xu. Human hepatic cancer stem cells (HCSCs) markers correlated with immune infiltrates reveal prognostic significance of hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in Genetics 11 (2020) 112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00112
[156] L.-A. Schulte, J.C. López-Gil, B. Sainz Jr, P.C. Hermann. The cancer stem cell in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers 12 (2020) 684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030684
[157] Y. Huang, J. Lin, Y. Xiong, J. Chen, X. Du, Q. Liu, T. Liu. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles induce ferroptosis of human ovarian cancer stem cells by weakening cellular autophagy. Journal of biomedical nanotechnology 16 (2020) 1612–1622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2020.2991
[158] F. Mobaraki, M. Momeni, M. Jahromi, F.M. Kasmaie, M. Barghbani, M.E.T. Yazdi, Z. Meshkat, F.H. Shandiz, S.M. Hosseini. Apoptotic, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of synthesized AgNPs using green tea against human testicular embryonic cancer stem cells. Process Biochemistry 119 (2022) 106–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.021
[159] Y. Gao, A.N. Shelling, E. Nolan, D. Porter, E. Leung, Z. Wu. Liposome-enabled bufalin and doxorubicin combination therapy for trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer with a focus on cancer stem cells. Journal of Liposome Research 34 (2024) 489–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2024.2305866
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Marzieh Dehghani, Behnam Hajipour-Verdom, Fatemeh Rahimzadeh, Parviz Abdolmaleki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Iran National Science Foundation
Grant numbers 4031227
