Screen-printed carbon electrodes: processing, interface reconstruction, performance and sustainability

Review paper

Authors

  • Yunus Bakhtiar Arafat Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Depok 16424, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3696-3051
  • Mahfud Ibadi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Depok 16424, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1455-4482
  • Jos Istiyanto Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Depok 16424, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3615-6894
  • Yudan Whulanza Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, UI Depok Campus, Depok 16424, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1541-2118

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3631

Keywords:

Electrochemical sensing, nanocomposite sensor, rheological behaviour, surface activation, transfer kinetics

Abstract

Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) have evolved from inexpensive disposable transducers into tuneable platforms for point-of-care, wearable, and sustainable electro­chemical systems. This critical narrative review synthesizes a focused 70-record evidence base, comprising a fixed core of 65 Scopus-indexed records spanning 1996-2026 and five targeted supplementary records on CNC-assisted screen printing, textured and multilayer carbon electrodes, and microfluidic electrochemical integration. Evidence is classified as direct mechanistic, direct analytical, adjacent-transfer, or secondary-context evidence. Across the corpus, SPCE behaviour is interpreted through three coupled control planes: bulk ink microstructure, post-print interfacial reconstruction, and functional device architecture. Carbon morphology, loading, binder chemistry, solvent balance, and print separation define a non-monotonic printability-conductivity window. Plasma, electro­chemical, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and laser treatments can improve charge transfer by exposing carbon sites and modifying surface chemistry, whereas excessive treatment may increase erosion, redeposition, capacitance, or instability. Functional nanostructures can enhance recognition and catalysis but may obstruct intrinsically porous electrodes. Translation therefore requires application-specific benchmarking, authentic-matrix validation, lot-to-lot and storage testing, reference-electrode control, manufacturing qualification, and lifecycle-based metrics. The review integrates operational processing and activation windows with a staged translation ladder, a five-level reproducibility hierarchy, and a gated research roadmap. These design rules provide a practical basis for moving SPCE development from material-centric optimization toward reproducible, scalable, and lifecycle-aware electrochemical technologies.

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Published

12-10-2026

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Vol. 16 (2026)

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Electrochemical Engineering

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Copyright (c) 2026 Yunus Bakhtiar Arafat, Mahfud Ibadi, Jos Istiyanto, Yudan Whulanza

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Screen-printed carbon electrodes: processing, interface reconstruction, performance and sustainability: Review paper. (2026). Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 16, Article 3631. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3631

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