Recent developments in electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials for dopamine detection: a brief overview
Review paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3353Keywords:
Neurotransmitters, electrode engineering, carbon-based nanomaterials, MXenes, hybrid nanocomposites, polymer based materialsAbstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that regulates mood, memory, endorphin production, etc. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that is extensively distributed throughout the central nervous system. High dopamine levels signify cardiotoxicity, which causes hypertension, heart failure and fast heartbeats. Conversely, reduced dopamine levels in the central nervous system have been connected with a number of neurological conditions, including depression, stress, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of sensitive, selective, and trustworthy dopamine detection techniques is crucial for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Electrochemical biosensors have become a promising platform in analytical techniques because of their high sensitivity, rapid response time, low cost, and suitability for miniaturization. There have been significant advances in the development of electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterial platforms for detecting dopamine over the past several years. Researchers have used advanced functional nanomaterials, including carbon nanostructures, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, conducting polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers and hybrid nanocomposites to enhance the electron transfer rate, improve the selectivity of responses and reduce detection limits on their biosensors. The most recent developments in electrochemical dopamine sensors from 2022 to 2025 are thoroughly reviewed in this paper, with a focus on nanomaterials and electrode engineering. Additionally, current issues are emphasized, such as sensor stability, repeatability and interference from coexisting biomolecules. Finally, future perspectives toward wearable devices, point-of-care diagnostics, and sustainable sensor materials are outlined.
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