Bismuth molybdate nanostructure modified carbon paste electrode for voltammetric sensing of levodopa in the presence of acetaminophen
Original scientific paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.3126Keywords:
Parkinson's disease, Bi2MoO6 nanostructures, real sample analysis, chronoamperometryAbstract
In the present work, a voltammetric sensor for levodopa (L-DOPA) was fabricated based on Bi2MoO6 nanostructure-modified carbon paste electrodes (Bi2MoO6/CPE). Bi2MoO6 nanostructures were synthesized via the solvothermal procedure and characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern. The Bi₂MoO₆/CPE exhibited an enhanced current response for L-DOPA, which we attribute to the good electrocatalytic activity of the Bi2MoO6 nanostructures. Furthermore, the Bi2MoO6/CPE sensor was applied to determine L-DOPA in the presence of acetaminophen (ACT). The anodic peaks for L-DOPA and ACT were well-resolved in their mixture, enabling their simultaneous determination. The voltammetric measurements at pH 7.0 revealed distinct anodic peaks for the two analytes, located at approximately 350 mV (L-DOPA) and 530 mV (ACT). Using differential pulse voltammetry, a linear correlation was observed between the oxidation peak current and L-DOPA concentration over the range 0.02 to 590.0 μM. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.009 μM. The practical applicability of the Bi2MoO6/CPE sensor was successfully demonstrated through the assay of L-DOPA and ACT in real samples.
Downloads
References
[1] G. Gorle, A. Bathinapatla, S. Kanchi, Y. C. Ling, M. Rezakazemi, Low dimensional Bi2Se3 NPs/re¬duced graphene oxide nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of L-Dopa and acetamino¬phen in presence of ascorbic acid in biological samples and pharmaceuticals, Journal of Nano¬structure in Chemistry 12(4) (2022) 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-021-00428-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-021-00428-3
[2] M. Mazloum-Ardakani, S. H. Ahmadi, Z. S. Mahmoudabadi, A. Khoshroo, Nano composite system based on fullerene-functionalized carbon nanotubes for simultaneous determination of levodopa and acetaminophen, Measurement 91 (2016) 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.035
[3] K. Movlaee, H. Beitollahi, M. R. Ganjali, P. Norouzi, Electrochemical platform for simultaneous determination of levodopa, acetaminophen and tyrosine using a graphene and ferrocene modified carbon paste electrode, Microchimica Acta 184 (2017) 3281-3289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2291-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2291-3
[4] K. Hatori, T. Kondo, Y. Mizuno, Levodopa absorption profile in Parkinson's disease: Evidence to indicate qualitative difference from the control, Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2 (1996) 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/1353-8020(96)00011-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1353-8020(96)00011-9
[5] M. Mazloum-Ardakani, M. Zokaie, A. Khoshroo, Carbon nanotube electrochemical sensor based on and benzofuran derivative as a mediator for the determination of levodopa, acetaminophen, and tryptophan, Ionics 21 (2015) 1741-1749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1342-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1342-6
[6] T. Wang, N. N. Jafar, A. M. A. Al-Rihaymee, D. Y. Alhameedi, F. A. Rasen, F. S. Hashim, A. H. Alawadi, Highly efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of levodopa as a Parkinson therapeutic drug based on modified screen-printed electrode, Heliyon 10 (2024) e34689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34689
[7] H. Yang, Z. Wei, S. He, T. Li, Y. Zhu, L. Duan, J. Wang, Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensor for Acetaminophen Based on Levodopa Polymer and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Complex, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 12 (2017) 11089-11101. https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.12.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.12.50
[8] D. Dăscălescu, C. Apetrei, Voltammetric Determination of Levodopa Using Mesoporous Carbon-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Sensors, Sensors 21 (2021) 6301. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186301
[9] D. T. Hoang, F. Xing, D. Truong, Characteristics of pain symptoms in Parkinson’s disease, Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 13 (2025) 100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100404
[10] Z. Y. Li, D. Y. Gao, Z. Y. Wu, S. Zhao, Simultaneous electrochemical detection of levodapa, paracetamol and l-tyrosine based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes, RSC Advances 10 (2020) 14218-14224. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00290A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00290A
[11] W. Si, W. Lei, Z. Han, Y. Zhang, Q. Hao, M. Xia, Electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/graphene oxide composites, Sensors and Actuators B 193 (2014) 823-829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.12.052
[12] M. Sriramulu, J. S. Stephen Saviour, S. Balakrishnan, P. Kannaiyan, S. C. Gopinath, Advancements in Modified Electrodes with Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Acetaminophen and Caffeine: An Update, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry (2025) 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2025.2496506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2025.2496506
[13] A. Babaei, M. Sohrabi, Selective simultaneous determination of levodopa and acetaminophen in the presence of ascorbic acid using a novel TiO2 hollow sphere/multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly-aspartic acid composite modified carbon paste electrode, Analytical Methods 8 (2016) 1135-1144. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02497H DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02497H
[14] T. T. Calam, Selective and Sensitive Determination of Paracetamol and Levodopa with Using Electropolymerized 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole Film on Glassy Carbon Electrode, Electroanalysis 33 (2021) 1049-1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.202060477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.202060477
[15] S. Zuliska, I. P. Maksum, Y. Einaga, G. T. M. Kadja, I. Irkham, Advances in electrochemical biosensors employing carbon-based electrodes for detection of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus, ADMET and DMPK 12 (2024) 487-527. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2361
[16] B. R. Adhikari, M. Govindhan, A. Chen, Carbon Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors for the Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical and Biological Compounds, Sensors 15 (2015) 22490-22508. https://doi.org/10.3390/s150922490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s150922490
[17] W. Boumya, N. Taoufik, M. Achak, H. Bessbousse, A. Elhalil, N. Barka, Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the determination of diclofenac in pharmaceutical, biological and water samples, Talanta Open 3 (2021) 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talo.2020.100026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talo.2020.100026
[18] A. V. Bounegru, A. Dinu Iacob, C. Iticescu, P. L. Georgescu, Electrochemical Sensors and Bio-sensors for the Detection of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Natural Waters-A Compre¬hen-sive Review, Chemosensors 13 (2025) 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13020065
[19] P. Manjunatha, Y. Arthoba Nayaka, H. T. Purushothama, R. O. Yathisha, M. M. Vinay, Single-walled carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical sensor for the electrochemical investigation of pantoprazole in pharmaceuticals and biological samples, Ionics 25 (2019) 2297-2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2624-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2624-1
[20] M. Baghayeri, M. Namadchian, Fabrication of a nanostructured luteolin biosensor for simultaneous determination of levodopa in the presence of acetaminophen and tyramine: Application to the analysis of some real samples, Electrochimica Acta 108 (2013) 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.069
[21] E. Fu, K. Khederlou, N. Lefevre, S. A. Ramsey, M. L. Johnston, L. Wentland, Progress on Electrochemical Sensing of Pharmaceutical Drugs in Complex Biofluids, Chemosensors 11 (2023) 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080467
[22] C. Wang, J. Du, H. Wang, C. E. Zou, F. Jiang, P. Yang, Y. Du, A facile electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide and Au nanoplates modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid, Sensors and Actuators B 204 (2014)302-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.077
[23] F. Dong, L. Zhang, R. Li, Z. Qu, X. Zou, S. Jia, Electrochemical non-enzymatic biosensor for tyramine detection in food based on silver-substituted ZnO nano-flower modified glassy carbon electrode, International Journal of Electrochemical Science 16 (2021) 210234. https://doi.org/10.20964/2021.02.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2021.02.12
[24] H. Wang, A. Xie, S. Li, J. Wang, K. Chen, Z. Su, S. Luo, Three-dimensional g-C3N4/MWNTs/GO hybrid electrode as electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid, Analytica Chimica Acta 1211 (2022) 339907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339907
[25] R. S. Mahale, V. K. Shamanth, K. Hemanth, R. Shashanka, P. C. Sharath, N. V. Sreekanth, lectrochemical Sensor Applications of Nanoparticle Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes to Detect Various Neurotransmitters, Applied Mechanics and Materials 908 (2022) 69-88. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-mizm85 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-mizm85
[26] T. Thomas, R. J. Mascarenhas, P. Martis, Z. Mekhalif, B. K. Swamy, Multi-walled carbon nanotube modified carbon paste electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the deter-mination of epinephrine in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid, Materials Science and Engineering: C 33 (2013) 3294-3302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.010
[27] A. Ganash, S. Alshammari, E. Ganash, Development of a Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Carbon-Paste Electrode for the Detection of Congo Red Dye, Molecules 28 (2022) 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010019
[28] J. G. Manjunatha, B. Kanthappa, N. Hareesha, C. Raril, A. M. Tighezza, M. D. Albaqami, Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Rutin Using Poly (Methyl Orange) Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Responsive Electrochemical Sensor, Chemistry Africa 7 (2024) 1141-1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00808-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00808-y
[29] B. D. Topal, C. E. Sener, B. Kaya, S. A. Ozkan, Nano-sized Metal and Metal Oxide Modified Electrodes for Pharmaceuticals Analysis, Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 17 (2021) 421-436. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573412916999200513110313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573412916999200513110313
[30] M.R. Baezzat, Z. Pourghobadi, R. Pourghobadi, Nanomolar determination of Penicillin G potassium (PGK) salt using a Carbon Paste Electrode modified with TiO2 nano particles /Ionic Liquids in real samples, Materials Chemistry and Physics 270 (2021) 124641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124641
[31] M. Yang, P. H. Li, S. H. Chen, X. Y. Xiao, X. H. Tang, C. H. Lin, W. Q. Liu, Nanometal Oxides with Special Surface Physicochemical Properties to Promote Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions, Small 16 (2020) 2001035. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001035
[32] J. M. George, A. Antony, B. Mathew, Metal oxide nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing and biosensing, Microchimica Acta 185 (2018) 358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-2894-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-2894-3
[33] K. Jangid, R. P. Sahu, S. Sakib, I. Zhitomirsky, I. K. Puri, Surface-Modified Metal Oxides for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Organophosphates, Heavy Metals, and Nutrients, ACS Applied Nano Materials 5 (2022) 17183-17193. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c04105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c04105
[34] C. Zhu, Q. Wu, F. Yuan, J. Liu, D. Wang, Q. Zhang, Novel Electrochemical Sensor Based on MnO2 Nanowire Modified Carbon Paper Electrode for Sensitive Determination of Tetra¬bro-mo¬bisphenol A, Chemosensors 11 (2023) 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090482
[35] N. H. Khand, I. M. Palabiyik, J. A. Buledi, S. Ameen, A. F. Memon, T. Ghumro, A. R. Solangi, Functional Co3O4 nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor for direct determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical samples, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 11 (2021) 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00380-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00380-8
[36] Z. Amani-Beni, A. Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, NiO nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode as a novel sulfasalazine sensor, Analytica Chimica Acta 1031 (2018) 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.002
[37] N. P. Shetti, S. J. Malode, D. S. Nayak, G. B. Bagihalli, S. S. Kalanur, R. S. Malladi, K. R. Reddy, Fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles modified sensor for electrochemical oxidation of methdilazine, Applied Surface Science 496 (2019) 143656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143656
[38] M. Vazan, J. Tashkhourian, B. Haghighi, A novel electrochemical sensor based on MoO3 nanobelt-graphene oxide composite for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and 4-aminophenol, Diamond and Related Materials 140 (2023) 110549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110549
[39] H. N. Ngoc, D. N. Xuan, P. V. Ngoc, T. Le Minh, T. P. Duc, T. Le Anh, ZnCo2O4 nanosheets as an efficient electrochemical sensing platform for determination of paracetamol, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 63 (2025) 347-363. https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/19061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/19061
[40] B. S. Lou, U. Rajaji, S. M. Chen, T. W. Chen, A simple sonochemical assisted synthesis of NiMoO4/chitosan nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of amlodipine in pharmaceutical and serum samples, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 64 (2020) 104827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104827 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104827
[41] K. Venkatesh, R. Rajakumaran, S. M. Chen, C. Karuppiah, C. C. Yang, S. K. Ramaraj, B. M. A. Almunqedhi, A novel hybrid construction of MnMoO4 nanorods anchored graphene nanosheets; an efficient electrocatalyst for the picomolar detection of ecological pollutant ornidazole in water and urine samples, Chemosphere 273 (2021) 129665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129665
[42] J. Ganesamurthi, R. Shanmugam, S. M. Chen, K. Alagumalai, M.Balamurugan, C. H. Fan, A portable electrochemical sensor based on binary transition metal oxide (CoO/ZnO) for the evaluation of eugenol in real-time samples, Surfaces and Interfaces 38 (2023) 102845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102845
[43] Y. Ma, Z. Wang, Y. Jia, L. Wang, M. Yang, Y. Qi, Y. Bi, Bi2MoO6 nanosheet array modified with ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride for high photoelectrochemical performance, Carbon 114 (2017) 591-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.043
[44] Y. Ma, Y. Jia, L. Wang, M. Yang, Y. Bi, Y. Qi, Hierarchical nanosheet-based Bi2MoO6 nanotubes with remarkably improved electrochemical performance, Journal of Power Sources 331 (2016) 481-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.084
[45] S. Bano, A. S. Ganie, R. I. A. Khan, S. Sultana, M. Z. Khan, S. Sabir, Designing and application of PPy/Bi2MoO6/chitosan nanocomposites for electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin and benzene and evaluation of hydrogen evolution reaction, Surfaces and Interfaces 29 (2022) 101786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.101786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2022.101786
[46] J. A. Jesila, N. M. Umesh, S. F. Wang, G. Mani, A. A. Alothman, R. A. Alshgari, An electrochemical sensing of phenolic derivative 4-Cyanophenol in environmental water using a facile-constructed Aurivillius-structured Bi2MoO6, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 208 (2021) 111701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111701
[47] T. Ji, E. Ha, M. Wu, X. Hu, J. Wang, Y. Sun, J. Hu, Controllable Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of Bi2MoO6 Nano/Microstructures, Catalysts 10 (2020) 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101161
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Amir H. Kadhum , Ahmed J. Allami, Hajir M. Ali, Huda Hadi Nameh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
