Simultaneous determination of epinephrine and folic acid using MIL-101 (Fe)-NH2 metal-organic framework/graphene oxide nanocomposite modified electrode: Original scientific article

Rasha Kareem Khudhur

doi:10.5599/admet.2762

Authors

Rasha Kareem Khudhur Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4508-109X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.2762

Keywords:

Chemically modified electrode, real sample analysis, pharmaceutical preparations

Abstract

Background and purpose: It is generally known that the majority of disorders exhibit symptoms to some degree when the quantities of two crucial substances, epinephrine and folic acid, are low or high. These two chemicals' composition variations may be tracked and utilized to identify conditions such as myocardial infarction, Parkinson's disease, and mental disorders. Experimental approach: Using a solvothermal technique, we propose the synthesis of a novel MIL-101 (Fe)-NH₂ metal-organic framework/graphene oxide nanocomposite (MOF/GO nanocomposite). The produced nanocomposite's morphology was examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A straightforward, quick, and sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for epinephrine detection was then created by drop-casting the produced MOF/GO nanocomposite onto the screen-printed electrode (SPE). Key results: Compared to unmodified SPE, cyclic voltammetry revealed that the MOF/GO/SPE considerably enhanced the epinephrine oxidation process, exhibiting a greater detection current at a lower over-potential. The synergistic combination of MOF and GO sheets may cause this discovery. With a low detection limit of 0.07 μM, the MOF/GO/SPE sensor's linear response for voltammetric measurements of epinephrine was found to be between 0.2 and 500.0 μM. A modified electrode was also utilized to measure folic acid and epinephrine simultaneously. Conclusion: Lastly, the modified SPE effectively demonstrates its high accuracy in identifying folic acid and epinephrine in biological and pharmaceutical samples.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] S. Naseem, R. Sajid, M. Nabeel, A. Sadiqa, M. Rizwan, M.R. Zulfiqar, A. Ahmad, D.N. Iqbal. Advancing nanocellulose-based biosensors: pioneering eco-friendly solutions for biomedical applications and sustainable material replacement. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 309(3) (2025) 143057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143057

[2] J.T. Mazumder, T. Shivam, A. Majhi, R.K. Jha, M.K. Jha, S. Khatoniar, R. Jha. Advancements in 2D-TMD Heterostructures for Next Generation Electronic Chemical Sensors. Materials Today Nano 30 (2025) 100615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2025.100615

[3] J.E. Vilasó-Cadre, J. Hidalgo-Viteri, L.A. González-Fernández, J.J. Piña, O. Leiva-Peláez, L. Hidalgo, G.L. Turdean. Recent advances in electrochemical sensors applied to samples of industrial interest. Microchemical Journal 210 (2025) 112931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.112931

[4] A. Chen, N. Tang, Y. Wei, S. Shi, C. Zhou, Q. He, W. Wang. A novel approach to simultaneous and sensitive detection of epinephrine and folic acid with nickel-metal organic framework and reduced graphene oxide based electrochemical sensor. Microchemical Journal 208 (2025) 112526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.112526

[5] T.E. Dribin, S. Waserman, P.J. Turner. Who needs epinephrine? Anaphylaxis, autoinjectors, and parachutes. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 11 (2023) 1036-1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2023.02.002

[6] S.G. Sakka, D. Hofmann, O. Thuemer, C. Schelenz, N. van Hout. Increasing cardiac output by epinephrine after cardiac surgery: effects on indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate and splanchnic microcirculation. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 21 (2007) 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2006.02.031

[7] J.A. Heuberger, A.F. Cohen. Review of WADA prohibited substances: limited evidence for performance-enhancing effects. Sports Medicine 49 (2019) 525-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-1014-1

[8] M. Wang, M. Fang, W. Zang. Effects of folic acid supplementation on cognitive function and inflammation in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 126 (2024) 105540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2024.105540

[9] A. Peng, Y. Zhou, Z. Liu, S. Ji, Y. Tang, H. Li, L. Chen. Periconceptional folic acid supplementation for women with epilepsy: A systematic review of the literature. Epilepsy & Behavior 161 (2024) 110064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.110064

[10] W. Dong, R. Ma, S. He, F. Chang, C. Zhou. Efficient electrochemical sensing of folic acid using ultrathin nanosheet BiSb alloy as electrode materials. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1021 (2025) 179759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.179759

[11] G.S. Shaila, J. Manjanna, M. Kumar, A simple and efficient electrochemical sensor for folic acid determination on Ti (OH) 4 modified carbon paste electrode. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 168 (2024) 112912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112912

[12] B.N. Chandrashekar, B.K. Swamy, K.J. Gururaj, C. Cheng. Simultaneous determination of epinephrine, ascorbic acid and folic acid using TX-100 modified carbon paste electrode: A cyclic voltammetric study. Journal of Molecular Liquids 231 (2017) 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.02.029

[13] B. Kaur, R. Srivastava. Simultaneous determination of epinephrine, paracetamol, and folic acid using transition metal ion-exchanged polyaniline–zeolite organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Sensors and Actuators B 211 (2015) 476-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.01.081

[14] Z. Wang, Y. Wang, C. Du, Y. Liu, S. Luo, X. Chen, G. Xu. Introducing Rh-doped Mg (OH) 2 on Ni-MOF as a symmetry electrode for accelerating urea oxidation reaction assisted hydrogen evolution. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 172 (2025) 106138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106138

[15] H. Li, S. Huang, T. Ling, S. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Ying, J. Zhang. Rapid detection of Salmonella in milk by a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on CoFe-MOFs@ MWCNTs modified electrode. International Dairy Journal, 166 (2025) 106242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2025.106242

[16] J. Luo, Y. Zhang, L. Tang, D. Lu, T. Zhang, H. Zhao, C. Liu. Electrochemical self-reconstruction helps self-supported Ni3S2@ NiFeOOH-MOF/NFF electrodes to enhance electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 114 (2025) 394-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.012

[17] D. Yin, G. Huang, Q. Sun, Q. Li, X. Wang, D. Yuan, L. Wang. RGO/Co3O4 composites prepared using GO-MOFs as precursor for advanced lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 215 (2016) 410-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.110

[18] T.N. Amirabad, A.A. Ensafi, K.Z. Mousaabadi, B. Rezaei, M. Demir. Binder-free engineering design of Ni-MOF ultrathin sheet-like grown on PANI@ GO decorated nickel foam as an electrode for in hydrogen evolution reaction and asymmetric supercapacitor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48 (2023) 29471-29484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.159

[19] K. Kamalasekaran, A.K. Sundramoorthy. Applications of chemically modified screen-printed electrodes in food analysis and quality monitoring: a review. RSC Advances 14 (2024) 27957-27971. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra02470b

[20] R. Manikandan, J.H. Yoon, S.C. Chang. Emerging Trends in nanostructured materials-coated screen printed electrodes for the electrochemical detection of hazardous heavy metals in environmental matrices. Chemosphere 344 (2023) 140231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140231

[21] S. Su, Z. Xing, S. Zhang, M. Du, Y. Wang, Z. Li, P. Chen, Q. Zhu, W. Zhou. Ultrathin mesoporous g-C3N4/NH2-MIL-101 (Fe) octahedron heterojunctions as efficient photo-Fentonlike system for enhanced photo-thermal effect and promoted visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance. Applied Surface Science, 537 (2021) 147890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147890