ADMET and DMPK
type: channel
description: ADMET & DMPK (ISSN 1848-7718) is an international, peer reviewed open-access Journal aiming for rapid dissemination of original research articles, review papers and comments in the broad areas of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of drugs. The emphasis is on rapid publishing of articles of high scientific quality to make them freely available to researchers worldwide.
publisher: IAPC Publishing
language: en
publication name: ADMET and DMPK
issn: 1848-7718
items: Linking biomimetic binding measurements to pharmacokinetic models of volume of distribution and hepatic clearance
items: Mortality prediction with adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer: Machine learning-integrated explainable artificial intelligence and Bayesian model results
items: https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/view/3238
items: Simultaneous quantification of drug and coformer during cocrystal dissolution using in situ UV spectroscopy and multicomponent analysis
items: High-sensitivity electrochemical immunosensor for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG detection using screen-printed carbon/cerium oxide-gold electrode
items: Graphene-supported Pd/Pt nano-catalysts for enhanced colorimetric detection of dopamine and NADH using paper-based microfluidic devices
items: Exploring hepatic stellate cell-driven fibrosis: therapeutic advances and future perspectives
items: Development of a biorelevant dissolution method for inhalation products: Proof of concept using drugs with diverse solubilities
items: Epithelial-mesenchymal dynamics in cancer: Role of signalling pathways, stromal interactions and natural therapies
items: Comparison of lipophilic and size-exclusion membranes: creating sink conditions with cyclodextrin
items: Lipid functionalized silver-coated carbon dot-capped manganese ferrite as drug-free core-shell nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and therapy
items: Topical composite hydrogel incorporating human amniotic membrane and spidroin for the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes mellitus
items: Insight into antistaphylococcal effect of chlorinated 1-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxanilides
items: Natural polymer derivative-based pH-responsive nanoformulations with entrapped diketo-tautomers of 5-fluorouracil for enhanced cancer therapy
items: Hypotension and antiphlogistic potential of empagliflozin ocular film: swelling and release kinetics
items: Development of a carbon paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for trimethoprim detection in fishery species: monitoring antibiotic contaminants
items: Electrochemical sensing and quantification of theobromine in cocoa products at polyvaline functionalized graphite paste sensor electrode
items: Plantain peel extract–mediated synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: comprehensive characterization, bioinertness in vitro and in vivo, and anticancer evaluation
items: Neuroprotective cellular and molecular mechanisms of physical exercise on neurodegenerative diseases
items: ZnO-modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical sensing of dopamine in the presence of tyrosine
items: A simple UiO-66-NH2@MWCNTs based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive detection of metronidazole
items: Efficient electrochemical determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid in real samples using tungsten disulfide nanostructure modified electrode
items: Electrochemical determination of calcium folinate in the presence of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil using UiO-66/CdS composite modified screen-printed carbon electrode
items: Modelling an alternative lipophilicity scale of bisphenols using biomimetic chromatography: Relevance to membrane-driven baseline toxicity
items: Precision therapeutics in non-scarring alopecia: a systemic genomic and pathway-based framework for targeted interventions
items: Liposome-mediated gene delivery: A comprehensive review of biophysical parameters, lipid composition and targeting strategies
items: Intranasal carvacrol nanoemulsion: Stroke imaging and neuroprotective study
items: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles and microparticles for peptide delivery: release mechanisms and controlling factors
items: Potential effect of nanoformulated iota carrageenan in Aβ1-42 disaggregation: an in vitro, in vivo and in silico study
items: Rosanoid diterpenoids: structural diversity, classification and biological activities

Linking biomimetic binding measurements to pharmacokinetic models of volume of distribution and hepatic clearance
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The steady-state volume of distribution reflects the extent to which drugs partition between plasma and tissues and is closely related to the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient. In pharmacokinetics, different modelling frameworks have led to ongoing debate regarding the role of plasma protein binding and the importance of unbound drug exposure in determining both distribution and clearance. This review aims to clarify the relationship between distribution and elimination models and to assess how experimental binding measurements can support their mechanistic interpretation. Experimental approach: Established pharmacokinetic relationships linking volume of distribution (Vd), clearance and half-life were analysed alongside biomimetic chromatographic measurements of drug binding to human serum albumin and phospholipid membranes using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography. Literature data for marketed drugs were evaluated to examine how these experimental descriptors relate to distribution and clearance behaviour. Key results: The analysis shows that distribution and clearance models describe complementary aspects of drug disposition rather than contradictory processes. Tissue binding, as reflected by phospholipid affinity measured by IAM chromatography, plays a dominant role in determining Vd, while plasma protein binding influences both distribution and clearance through its effect on the fraction of drug unbound in plasma. The apparent paradox of plasma protein binding arises because changes in unbound fraction affect both processes simultaneously. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that biomimetic binding measurements provide a mechanistically meaningful bridge between physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic behaviour. By integrating experimental binding data with pharmacokinetic models, the study advances understanding of how distribution and clearance are linked, supporting more informed decision-making in early dr…
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Non-specific binding
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmacokinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: tissue binding
  topic: keywords
subject: plasma protein binding
  topic: keywords
subject: biomimetic chromatography
  topic: keywords
creator: Klara Livia Valko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Klara Livia Valko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
doi: 10.5599/admet.3311

Mortality prediction with adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer: Machine learning-integrated explainable artificial intelligence and Bayesian model results
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Tamoxifen is a cornerstone of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer, yet significant inter-individual variability in treatment response and mortality exists. Identifying robust predictors of outcomes remains a critical need. This study integrated machine learning, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and Bayesian modelling to predict mortality and identify key prognostic factors in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. Experimental approach: We analysed data from 568 patients from the International Tamoxifen Pharmacogenomics Consortium database. The outcome was all-cause mortality, with predictors including age, race, menopausal status, tumour size, estrogen receptor status, radiation treatment, and CYP2D6 metabolizer status. Four algorithms, logistic regression, random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and support vector machine, were developed and validated. Model performance was assessed using accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis provided interpretability for the XGBoost model, and Bayesian logistic regression with weakly informative priors was employed for probabilistic inference. Key results: The overall mortality rate was 19.4 %. XGBoost demonstrated the highest discriminative ability (AUC 0.833; 95 % confidence interval: 0.725 to 0.941), while random forest exhibited superior sensitivity for identifying deceased patients (83.3 %). SHAP analysis revealed that white race, increased age, absence of radiation treatment, larger tumour size and the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer (PM/PM) genotype were associated with elevated mortality risk, whereas the extensive metabolizer (EM/EM) genotype was protective. Significant variability was observed in exploratory subgroup analyses, with the model achieving excellent discrimination in patients without radiation treatment (AUC 0.901) and those with the EM/PM genotype (AUC 0.956) but fail…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Selective estrogen receptor modulator
  topic: keywords
subject: personalized medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: extreme gradient boosting
  topic: keywords
subject: hormonal therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Kannan Sridharan
creator: Gowri Sivaramakrishnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kannan Sridharan, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
doi: 10.5599/admet.3321

https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/view/3238
type: item
title: Potential of extracellular vesicles from human Wharton’s jelly and golden berries (Physalis peruviana) combined with polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/fibroin hydrogel for wound healing: In vitro approaches on 1BR3 cell line
description: Background and purpose: The development of biocompatible delivery systems capable of enhancing wound healing remains a major challenge in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels represent promising wound dressings due to their ability to maintain a moist microenvironment, absorb exudates, and enable controlled release of bioactive agents. Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have emerged as a novel, non-toxic, and cross-kingdom therapeutic modality. Experimental approach: In this study, we investigated PVA/chitosan/fibroin-based hydrogels as a delivery platform for PDENs isolated from Physalis peruviana (PENC), with human Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hWJ-MSC-Exo) used as a biological comparator. Key results: PENC and hWJ-MSC-Exo were isolated and characterized in terms of size, morphology, and protein content. Composite hydrogels containing chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and fibroin (4% and 10%) were fabricated via freeze–thawing and characterized for hydrophilicity, swelling behavior, water content, biodegradability, and protein release profiles. The biological performance of hydrogel-released media incorporating PDENs or hWJ-MSC-Exo was evaluated in vitro using human dermal fibroblast 1BR3 cells through cytotoxicity, proliferation, and scratch migration assays. The fabricated hydrogels exhibited hydrophilic surfaces (contact angle <90°), high swelling capacity (>100%), low water content, and gradual biodegradation over 10 days. Protein release peaked on day 3, indicating favorable release kinetics for bioactive delivery. All hydrogel formulations demonstrated good biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 75%. Notably, hydrogels loaded with PENC significantly promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration, with performance comparable to or exceeding that of hWJ-MSC-Exo-loaded hydrogels, particularly in fibroin-containing formulations. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of Physal…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: mesenchymal stem cell
  topic: keywords
subject: drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: controlled release
  topic: keywords
subject: fibroblast proliferation
  topic: keywords
creator: Afrida Rizky Nurfajrin
creator: Indra Wibowo
creator: Anggraini Barlian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Afrida Rizky Nurfajrin, Indra Wibowo, Anggraini Barlian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
doi: 10.5599/admet.3238

Simultaneous quantification of drug and coformer during cocrystal dissolution using in situ UV spectroscopy and multicomponent analysis
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The primary objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of applying in situ UV spectroscopy in combination with multicomponent analysis (MCA) to simultaneously quantify the dissolution of a drug and its coformer from a cocrystal. A secondary objective was to determine whether this approach can support a mechanistic understanding of cocrystal dissolution. Experimental approach: The rotating-vessel μDISS system equipped with an in situ UV probe was used for dissolution tests. Carbamazepine (CBZ) cocrystals with saccharin, nicotinamide, and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were used as model compounds. The concentrations of CBZ and each coformer were simultaneously quantified using MCA of the in situ UV spectra. Key results: The concentrations of CBZ and the coformer were successfully quantified by MCA throughout the dissolution process. In the absence of a polymeric precipitation inhibitor (PPI), the dissolution of CBZ from the cocrystal reached only 20%, and no supersaturation was observed, whereas the coformers were rapidly released. In contrast, in the presence of PPIs, the dissolution of CBZ from the cocrystal increased to supersaturated levels, while the dissolution of the coformer decreased. Supersaturation of CBZ was achieved when CBZ and the coformer dissolved congruently. A PPI may interfere with the molecular dissociation of CBZ and the coformer from the cocrystal surface, resulting in a slower release of both CBZ and the coformer. This effect may have reduced the local CBZ concentration at the particle surface and, consequently, slowed the precipitation of CBZ dihydrate on the particle surface. Conclusion: MCA enables the simultaneous quantification of a drug and its coformer from in situ UV spectra during cocrystal dissolution testing. This analytical approach provides valuable insights into the dissolution mechanisms of cocrystals.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Carbamazepine
  topic: keywords
subject: congruent
  topic: keywords
subject: supersaturation
  topic: keywords
subject: precipitation inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: in situ UV probe
  topic: keywords
creator: Shiori Ishida
creator: Samuel Lee
creator: Balint Sinko
creator: Karl Box
creator: Kiyohiko Sugano
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shiori Ishida, Samuel Lee, Balint Sinko, Karl Box, Kiyohiko Sugano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-17
publication date: 2026-04-17
doi: 10.5599/admet.3274

High-sensitivity electrochemical immunosensor for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG detection using screen-printed carbon/cerium oxide-gold electrode
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Serological assays are essential for evaluating immune responses, including donor screening, vaccine efficacy, and antibody persistence. However, conventional methods are time-consuming and require centralized laboratories. This study aimed to develop a sensitive and rapid electrochemical immunosensor based on a cerium oxide-gold nanocomposite (CeO₂-Au) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, while elucidating the underlying electrochemical sensing mechanism. Experimental approach: CeO₂-Au nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis, SEM, TEM-EDX, and FTIR. The immuno­sensor was fabricated by immobilizing SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) onto the modified SPCE. Electrochemical responses were evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with K₃[Fe(CN)₆] as a redox probe. Key results: The CeO₂-Au nanocomposite enhanced electron transfer and provided a high surface area for biomolecule immobilization. The sensing mechanism is governed by modulation of interfacial electron transfer: binding of IgG to immobilized RBD forms an insulating immunocomplex layer, increasing charge transfer resistance and suppressing faradaic current. The sensor exhibited a wide linear range of 0.01 to 103 ng mL-1, a low detection limit of 2.475 pg mL-1, good stability, and reliable 97.3 to 108.56 % recovery in serum samples. Conclusion: This immunosensor proposed as a sensitive and reliable platform for IgG detection. The study advances understanding of signal transduction mechanisms in nanocomposite-based immunosensors and highlights their potential for rapid serological diagnostics. However, broader clinical validation and selectivity against complex interferents remain necessary.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Electrochemical immunoassay
  topic: keywords
subject: ceria-gold nanohybrid
  topic: keywords
subject: modified carbon electrode
  topic: keywords
subject: SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies
  topic: keywords
creator: Melania Janisha Devi
creator: Ratu Shifa Syafira
creator: Shabarni Gaffar
creator: Irkham Irkham
creator: Yasuaki Einaga
creator: Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Melania Janisha Devi, Ratu Shifa Syafira, Shabarni Gaffar, Irkham Irkham, Yasuaki Einaga, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
doi: 10.5599/admet.3182

Graphene-supported Pd/Pt nano-catalysts for enhanced colorimetric detection of dopamine and NADH using paper-based microfluidic devices
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Dopamine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are key biomarkers associated with neurological and metabolic disorders. Developing rapid, low-cost, and portable detection platforms of these biomarkers is essential for a point-of-care diagnostic kit. In this work, we report a colorimetric sensing approach using paper-based microfluidic devices (µPADs) modified with graphene-supported palladium (G/Pd) and platinum (G/Pt) nanocatalysts to enhance detection performance. Experimental approach: Monolayer G/Pd and G/Pt nanocomposites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method with precursor concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM. The catalytic behaviour and metal-graphene interactions were further investigated using spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculation (PHASE/0). Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) were laser-printed on commercial filter paper and folded into 3D origami structures. Colorimetric responses were quantified using red, green, blue (RGB) and hue, saturation, value (HSV) analysis, where time-dependent Euclidean distance in RGB colour space was used to assess the reaction kinetics. Key results: DFT results indicate that Pd and Pt clusters preferentially adopt a top-site configuration on graphene, facilitating interfacial charge redistri­bution and enhancing catalytic activity experimentally. Catalyst-modified µPADs significantly improve reaction kinetics, reducing detection time by up to 3.7× for dopamine and 2.5× for NADH compared to unmodified devices. G/Pt (10 mM) exhibits the best overall performance, achieving limits of detection of 0.16 µM for dopamine and 0.195 µM for NADH with good linearity (R2 = 0.91). G/Pd displays competitive sensitivity, particularly at lower precursor concentration. Conclusion: The findings highlight that optimizing catalyst morphology and interfacial electronic structure is more critical than minimizing activation energy for achieving high-performance colorimetri…
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Biomarker
  topic: keywords
subject: colorimetry
  topic: keywords
subject: nanocomposites
  topic: keywords
subject: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
  topic: keywords
subject: sensor
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruri Wahyuono
creator: Jovin Jovin
creator: Ignacius Gilbert Chano
creator: Arda Fridua Putra
creator: Annisa Septyana Ningrum
creator: Muhammad Yusuf Hakim Widianto
creator: Irkham Irkham
creator: Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
creator: Wulan Tri Wahyuni
creator: Isnaini Rahmawati
creator: Chi-Hsien Huang
creator: Yi-Ting Lai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ruri Wahyuono, Jovin Jovin, Ignacius Gilbert Chano, Arda Fridua Putra, Annisa Septyana Ningrum, Muhammad Yusuf Hakim Widianto, Irkham Irkham, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati, Wulan Tri Wahyuni, Isnaini Rahmawati, Chi-Hsien Huang, Yi-Ting Lai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
doi: 10.5599/admet.3247

Exploring hepatic stellate cell-driven fibrosis: therapeutic advances and future perspectives
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Liver fibrosis, a progressive liver disease arising from viral or metabolic causes, poses a major global health challenge due to its potential progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to the complex aetiology and epidemiology of liver fibrosis, most therapies fail in the clinic, and very few drugs have been approved by the US FDA. Approach: This review highlights the patho­physiological features of liver fibrosis, with a focus on novel targets in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), key players in the fibrogenesis process, to develop successful therapeutic approaches using both pharma­cological agents and active targeting strategies. The review also examines current therapeutic strategies targeting liver fibrosis, both in preclinical lab setups and clinical trials. Furthermore, various receptors involved in HSC-mediated liver fibrosis and active drug delivery targeting strategies are reviewed to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This article also integrates existing knowledge to identify research gaps and guide future investigations and clinical translation in liver fibrosis treatment. In addition, novel pathways pertaining to liver fibrosis, such as the RSPO3-LGR4/5-β-catenin cascade, the CD47/YAP/TEAD4 signalling axis, and HAb18G/CD147, are briefly elaborated in the context of therapeutic approaches for arresting HSC activation. Single-cell RNA sequencing of HSCs is presented to provide a clearer picture of liver fibrosis. Conclusion: The review highlights critical research gaps in liver fibrosis therapy and promising active tar­geting strategies and pharmacological interventions to improve therapeutic outcomes. Overall, this review provides a robust foundation for scientists and clinicians to advance active targeting of the disease pathology and to develop new pharmaceutical formulations that are pharmacologically safer and more efficacious.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Retinoid receptors
  topic: keywords
subject: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
  topic: keywords
subject: resmetirom
  topic: keywords
subject: liposomes
  topic: keywords
subject: active targeting
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical trials
  topic: keywords
creator: Alka Singh
creator: Ansab Akhtar
creator: Prashant Shukla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alka Singh, Ansab Akthar, Prashant Shukla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-04
publication date: 2025-08-04
doi: 10.5599/admet.2874

Development of a biorelevant dissolution method for inhalation products: Proof of concept using drugs with diverse solubilities
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Due to their unique application and action, inhalation products require specific quality tests, such as Uniformity of Delivered Dose and Aerodynamic Assessment of Fine Particles. While there's no current official requirement for dissolution tests, new draft guidelines are introducing them as a supportive or required measure; however, a universally accepted methodology for such testing remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to explore the discriminatory ability and in vivo predictability of the newly developed dissolution assembly. Experimental approach: The applied experimental approach to biopharmaceutical characterization of inhalation products involved developing a biorelevant method for testing the dissolution rate of the selected active substances. Seven commercially available products, formulated as pressurized metered dose inhalers, containing either salmeterol xinafoate or beclomethasone dipropionate, have been studied. The research strategy combined in vitro testing within silico simulations. Key results: The developed dissolution method did not detect significant differences in the case of products containing highly soluble salmeterol, but it did reveal differences for products containing poorly soluble beclomethasone dipropionate. Moreover, a correlation was identified between the dissolution test results and absorption constants for beclomethasone dipropionate. Conclusion: The obtained results indicated that the investigated products would not be considered bioequivalent based on the aerodynamic particle size distribution. It was demonstrated that a discriminative dissolution method can be developed through a well-established paradigm of dissolution testing, while taking into account the specificities of the inhalation route of administration.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Inhalers
  topic: keywords
subject: pressurized metered dose inhalers
  topic: keywords
subject: dissolution
  topic: keywords
subject: in vivo-in vitro-in silico correlation
  topic: keywords
creator: Amar Elezović
creator: Sandra Cvijić
creator: Saša Pilipović
creator: Alisa Elezović
creator: Jelena Parojčić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amar Elezović, Sandra Cvijić, Saša Pilipović, Alisa Elezović, Jelena Parojčić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
doi: 10.5599/admet.2861

Epithelial-mesenchymal dynamics in cancer: Role of signalling pathways, stromal interactions and natural therapies
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), play crucial roles in embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cancer progression. Dys­regulation of EMT/MET pathways in cancer contributes to metastasis and drug resistance. Approach: This review discusses the signalling pathways that are correlated with EMT in cancer and investigates the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring compounds in modulating these processes. The intricate relationship between stromal cells, drug resistance, and EMT is discussed, highlighting the emerging role of MET in stabilizing distant metastasis. Additionally, the impact of p53 on EMT and its implications in cancer metastasis are discussed. The review also provides an overview of therapeutic molecules, both plant- and animal-derived, that regulate EMT, highlighting their potential in cancer treatment. Specifically, plant-based compounds from Atractylodes lancea, Dendrobium officinale, Panax ginseng and Platycodon grandiflorus, as well as animal-derived substances like bee venom and snake venom, are highlighted. Furthermore, marine-based compounds, including caprolactin C, laminaran sulfate, BFP-3, bryostatin 1, sinulariolide, manzamines, halichondrin B, eribulin and biemamides, exhibit significant anti-metastatic effects by targeting EMT-associated pathways. Conclusion: The diverse range of therapeutic molecules discussed in this review provides promising therapeutic avenues for developing targeted strategies against EMT in cancer.
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
  topic: keywords
subject: metastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: drug resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic molecules
  topic: keywords
subject: oncogenesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Iram Khan
creator: Anindita Behera
creator: Kamesh R. Babu
creator: Faisal Rehman
creator: Farah Rehan
creator: Shraddha Manish Gupta
creator: Siddharth Singh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Siddharth Singh, Iram Khan, Anindita Behera, Kamesh R Babu, Faisal Rehman, Farah Rehan, Shraddha Manish Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
doi: 10.5599/admet.2836

Comparison of lipophilic and size-exclusion membranes: creating sink conditions with cyclodextrin
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The effective transport of an active pharmaceutical ingredient across various membrane systems is critical for enhancing its bioavailability, especially in formulations involving solubilizing agents. This study aims to investigate the permeability differences of carvedilol between lipophilic (organic solvent) and size-exclusion membranes in the presence of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in just the acceptor compartment or both sides of the membrane using in vitro side-by-side diffusion cell assays. Experimental approach: Cyclodextrins (CDs) on the acceptor side significantly improved flux and permeability for the lipophilic membrane. In contrast, with size-exclusion membranes that allow the permeation of CDs and their complexes, the benefits of sink conditions were completely diminished. When the same amount of CD was introduced on both sides, the negative effect of CD on the donor side surpassed the positive sink effects on the acceptor side, resulting in reduced flux and permeability across all membrane types. Key results: A novel aspect of this work is the assessment of the applicability of a previously described general mathematical equation for sink conditions. Findings indicated that the supersaturation ratio between donor and acceptor compartments serves as the primary driving force of the membrane transport. For the lipophilic membrane, CDs on the acceptor side not only influenced the driving force of the transport by enhancing the solubility of carvedilol in the acceptor compartment but also altered the proportionality coefficient, hence modifying the apparent thickness of the unstirred water layer. The impact was not observed with size-exclusion membranes. The applicability of the mathematical model was additionally evaluated for CD placed on both sides of the membrane. Conclusion: The model effectively describes the impact of CD placed on the donor side when the solid membrane permits only the drug’s permeation, as in the case o…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Unstirred water layer
  topic: keywords
subject: solubility
  topic: keywords
subject: supersaturation ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: carvedilol
  topic: keywords
creator: Petra Tőzsér
creator: Szabina Kádár
creator: Edina Szabó
creator: Hajnalka Pataki
creator: Péter Sóti
creator: Péter Laczay
creator: György Tibor Balogh
creator: Bálint Sinkó
creator: Eniko Borbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Petra Tőzsér, Szabina Kádár, Edina Szabó, Hajnalka Pataki, Péter Sóti, Péter Laczay, György Tibor Balogh, Bálint Sinkó, Eniko Borbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
doi: 10.5599/admet.2859

Lipid functionalized silver-coated carbon dot-capped manganese ferrite as drug-free core-shell nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and therapy
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining significant interest in biomedical research because of their versatility and potential across various applications, especially in cancer imaging and therapy. These composite systems consist of assorted materials, such as metallic elements, metal oxides, polymers, and carbon-based nanostructures, that are combined to form a single platform featuring improved and synergistic properties. Experimental approach: This study aims to design and synthesize a novel class of silver-coated carbon dot-capped manganese ferrite NPs that were functionalized with lipids (L-Ag@MnFe@C) to improve their cytocompatibility and enable cancer therapy with multimodal imaging functionalities. Carbon-capped manganese ferrite NPs (MnFe@C) were synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method, followed by the fabrication of nano-silver coated over the surface (Ag@MnFe@C) using a modified Tollens method, and lipid functionalization was done by the rotary evaporation method for the development of low-cost and biodegradable theranostic agents. Key results: The physicochemical characterization reveals that the engineered L-Ag@MnFe@C exhibits a higher stability, with a zeta potential of -50.6 mV, a hydrodynamic diameter of 279.4 nm and a quantum yield of 69.4 %. The engineered NPs exhibit contrast capabilities in longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging, transverse magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, and computed tomography imaging. Furthermore, L-Ag@MnFe@C demonstrated excellent anticancer activity on the lung cancer cell line (A549). Conclusion: Based on these studies, it can be concluded that the engineered L-Ag@MnFe@C exhibits multimodal imaging abilities and demonstrates anticancer properties, thereby confirming it as a potential theranostic agent.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Manganese ferrite nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon dots
  topic: keywords
subject: silver nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: lipid nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: magnetic nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: multimodal diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: cancer therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Anbazhagan Thirumalai
creator: Pazhani Durgadevi
creator: Venkatakrishnan Kiran
creator: Koyeli Girigoswami
creator: Alex Daniel Prabhu
creator: Agnishwar Girigoswami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Pazhani Durgadevi, Venkatakrishnan Kiran, Koyeli Girigoswami, Alex Daniel Prabhu, Agnishwar Girigoswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-26
publication date: 2025-08-26
doi: 10.5599/admet.2905

Topical composite hydrogel incorporating human amniotic membrane and spidroin for the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes mellitus
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Traditional diabetic chronic skin wound dressings often lack the bioactivity required to promote regeneration in these complex wounds. The use of human amniotic membrane (hAM) has been identified as a promising natural option for diabetic skin wound regeneration, but hAM is susceptible to rejection and release of growth factors, so cells must be decellularized and supplemented with biomaterials such as spidroin, a hydrogel delivery system. This study aims to analyse and evaluate a composite hydrogel combining hAM and spidroin proteins to enhance the healing of diabetic chronic wounds. Experimental approach: Hydrogels were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, physical tests, gel fraction and swelling ratio. Wound healing studies were performed using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Full-thickness wounds were created and treated with the hydrogel formulations. Macroscopic progress of wound healing was monitored, and histological analysis was performed to assess reepithelialization, inflammatory response, and collagen deposition. Key results: The functional groups of hAMD components were identified at the characteristic absorption peaks of 1650 cm⁻¹, while spidroin showed a peak at 1530 cm⁻¹. In particular, the 10 % composite (hAMD + spidroin) showed significantly faster wound closure compared to the control group and other treatment groups. Histological findings confirmed that the 10 % composite was able to facilitate cell proliferation, reduce inflammation, enhance epithelial regeneration, angiogenesis, fibroblast formation and regular collagen matrix and decrease transforming growth factor beta in the remodelling phase. Conclusion: Composite (hAMD + spidroin) 10 % showed promising wound healing efficacy in diabetic conditions, indicating its potential as a bioactive wound dressing for chronic diabetes.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Argiope appensa
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic diabetic wound
  topic: keywords
subject: in vivo
  topic: keywords
subject: transforming growth factor beta
  topic: keywords
creator: Suyarta Efrida Pakpahan
creator: Anggraini Barlian
creator: Arie Wibowo
creator: Indra Wibowo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Suyarta Efrida Pakpahan, Anggraini Barlian, Arie Wibowo, Indra Wibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-24
publication date: 2025-08-24
doi: 10.5599/admet.2822

Insight into antistaphylococcal effect of chlorinated 1-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxanilides
type: item
description: Background and purpose: New compounds and innovative therapeutic approaches are trying to prevent antimicrobial resistance, which has become a global health challenge. Experimental approach: This study includes a series of twelve mono-, di- and trichlorinated 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides designed as multitarget agents. All compounds were evaluated for their antistaphylococcal activity. Furthermore, MTT assay and chemoproteomic analysis of selected compounds were performed. Cytotoxicity in human cells was also tested. Key results: N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide (10) demon-strated activity comparable to or higher than clinically used drugs, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.37 μM. The compound was equally effective against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. On the other hand, compound 10 showed 96 % inhibition of S. aureus respiration only at a concentration of 16× MIC. Chemoproteomic analysis revealed that the effect of agent 10 on staphylococci resulted in the downregulation of four proteins. This compound expressed no in vitro cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 30 μM. Conclusion: From the set of tested mono-, di- and trisubstituted derivatives, it is evident that the position of chlorine atoms is decisive for significant antistaphylococcal activity. Inhibition of energy metabolism does not appear to be one of the main mechanisms of action of compound 10; on the contrary, the antibacterial effect may likely be contributed by downregulation of proteins (especially ATP-dependent protease ATPase subunit HslU) involved in processes essential for bacterial survival and growth, such as protein, nucleotide/nucleic acid synthesis and efficient protein repair/degradation.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Lipophilicity
  topic: keywords
subject: antistaphylococcal activity
  topic: keywords
subject: cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: MTT assay
  topic: keywords
subject: chemoproteomic analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucia Vrablova
creator: Tomas Gonec
creator: Petra Majerova
creator: Andrej Kovac
creator: Dominika Kos
creator: Peter Kollar
creator: Jiri Kos
creator: Alois Cizek
creator: Tereza Kauerova
creator: Josef Jampilek
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lucia Vrablova, Tomas Gonec, Petra Majerova, Andrej Kovac, Dominika Kos, Peter Kollar, Jiri Kos; Alois Cizek; Tereza Kauerova, Josef Jampilek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-26
publication date: 2025-03-26
doi: 10.5599/admet.2684

Natural polymer derivative-based pH-responsive nanoformulations with entrapped diketo-tautomers of 5-fluorouracil for enhanced cancer therapy
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Despite significant advancements in cancer therapies, chemotherapeutics continue to be the mainstay for treating cancer patients, with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) being commonly used for various cancers. However, its limited ability to penetrate cell membranes and its short half-life, caused by rapid metabolism, necessitate frequent administration of high doses to maintain effective therapeutic levels. This study aimed to synthesize oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) derivatives to create OSA nanoparticles loaded with 5-FU (OSANP@ 5-FU), promoting diketo tautomers, and evaluate their photophysical properties, release profile, and anticancer activity with minimal toxicity. Experimental approach: The investigation encompassed physicochemical characterization, encapsulation efficiency, 5-FU release kinetics at pH 2.2 and 7.4, cell viability assessment via MTT assay in V79 cells, and in vitro anticancer efficacy in the A375 cell line. Key results: Steady-state absorption and emission confirmed the presence of advantageous diketone tautomers of 5-FU, indicating radiative transitions from the second singlet excited state to the ground state (S2S0) and the drug's encapsulation within the polymeric nanostructure. Dynamic light scattering revealed that OSA nanoparticles, initially 177.8 nm, grew to 226.6 nm after encapsulating 5-FU, retaining high zeta potential for stability. With a 68% encapsulation efficiency, in vitro studies showed 46 to 54 % of 5-FU released across different pH levels within 510 minutes. Conclusion: In acidic conditions, there is a greater release of 5-FU than neutral pH levels, indicating a pH-responsive release profile beneficial for cancer treatment, with the release mechanism of OSANPs following Fickian diffusion as identified by a Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model and the formu¬lation showing improved therapeutic efficacy.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Oxidized sodium alginate
  topic: keywords
subject: polymeric nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: anticancer activity
  topic: keywords
subject: pH-responsive drug delivery
  topic: keywords
creator: Anbazhagan Thirumalai
creator: Koyeli Girigoswami
creator: Karthick Harini
creator: Venkatakrishnan Kiran
creator: Pazhani Durgadevi
creator: Agnishwar Girigoswami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Koyeli Girigoswami, Karthick Harini, Venkatakrishnan Kiran, Pazhani Durgadevi, Agnishwar Girigoswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-01-03
publication date: 2025-01-03
doi: 10.5599/admet.2554

Hypotension and antiphlogistic potential of empagliflozin ocular film: swelling and release kinetics
type: item
description: Background and Purpose: Empagliflozin (EMP) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The danger of glaucoma in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is known to be reduced using SGLT2 inhibitors. Empagliflozin is also believed to reduce the level of inflammatory markers. The present work has been undertaken for monitoring intraocular pressure and anti-inflammatory activity using the empagliflozin ocular film formulation. The effect of colloidal silicon dioxide upon the dynamics of swelling and drug release performance was also studied. Experimental Approach: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based ocular film of empagliflozin was prepared, including silicon dioxide in different ratios as 1:0.00, 1:0.01, 1:0.02, 1:0.04, and 1:0.06 (namely, EMA0, EMA1, EMA2, EMA3 and EMA4, respectively) using casting and solvent evaporation. Swelling and drug release studies of the films were conducted in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), and the kinetic mechanisms of swelling and drug release were evaluated. Intraocular pressure was measured after application of the film in the normotensive rabbit eye. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using a rabbit ocular carrageenan-induced inflammation model. Key Results: Swelling behaviour followed Fickian mechanism in the order: EMA3<EMA2<EMA0<EMA4<EMA1, and partial relaxation with EMA3. Films containing silicon dioxide showed faster release than those without it (EMA0), following a diffusion pattern. The silicon dioxide-loaded film (EMA3) showed significantly lowered intraocular pressure and promising ocular anti-inflammation with favourable binding affinities of EMP to Interleukin-1β, Interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. A good correlation between intraocular pressure and drug release was also established. Conclusion: A hydroxy­pro­pyl methylcellulose-based ocular film containing empagliflozin and silicon dioxide could be used to manage intraocular pressure a…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: SGLT2 inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: hydration dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: drug dissolution
  topic: keywords
subject: IOP
  topic: keywords
subject: ocular anti-inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: SiO2
  topic: keywords
creator: Tanisha Das
creator: Subrata Mallick
creator: Sourajit Parida
creator: Mouli Das
creator: Rakesh Swain
creator: Sk Habibullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Subrata Mallick, Tanisha Das, Sourajit Parida, Mouli Das , Rakesh Swain , Sk Habibullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-24
publication date: 2025-11-24
doi: 10.5599/admet.2941

Development of a carbon paper-based electrochemical immunosensor for trimethoprim detection in fishery species: monitoring antibiotic contaminants
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Monitoring antibiotic drugs in the environment is particularly relevant given their role in fostering microbial resistance, impacting aquatic species and human health. Therefore, this work addresses the lack of a sustainable and cost-effective analytical approach and reports the development of a competitive electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid analysis of trimethoprim (TMP), an aquatic contaminant of emerging concern, overcoming the limitations of conventional methods that are often costly and time-consuming. Experimental approach: A miniaturized 3-electrode system was developed to support the analyses of a low-volume sample (200 µL), using a low-cost carbon-paper working electrode, pencil graphite lead auxiliary electrode and a stainless-steel needle reference electrode. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the transducer, revealing a network of randomly arranged carbon fibres, significant for efficient antibody immobilization. For the immunoassay construction, an anti-TMP antibody was physically adsorbed to a small-sized transducer (d = 4 mm) for the specific recognition of TMP, followed by incubation with the enzyme-conjugate (horseradish peroxidase) and the enzyme-substrate (tetramethylbenzidine). Key results: The analytical signal was recorded by chronoamperometry (1-minute reaction) and yielded a limit of detection of 34 ng L−1. The 45-minute assay demonstrates accuracy (92.0 to 103.2 % in fishery species including codfish, mackerel, crab, and hake), reproducibility (6.1 and 9.3 % for repeatability and inter-day variation coefficient) and high selectivity (bias less than 5 %) analysis. The sensor's performance was validated against a conventional Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Conclusion: This study introduces a sustainable electrochemical immunosensor, offering a portable and eco-friendly alternative for the rapid detection of TMP in fishery species, addressing the limitations of traditional methods.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Amperometry
  topic: keywords
subject: biosensor
  topic: keywords
subject: paper-based electrode
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmaceuticals
  topic: keywords
subject: drug analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: aquatic ecosystem
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Freitas
creator: Vitória Dibo
creator: Rita Ribeiro
creator: Cristina Delerue-Matos
creator: Simone Morais
creator: Álvaro Torrinha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Freitas, Vitória Dibo, Rita Ribeiro, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Simone Morais, Álvaro Torrinha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-06
publication date: 2025-10-06
doi: 10.5599/admet.2962

Electrochemical sensing and quantification of theobromine in cocoa products at polyvaline functionalized graphite paste sensor electrode
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Theobromine (THB), an alkaloid present in various plants, is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and food products. Increased consumption leads to health risks in both humans and animals. Experimental approach: An electrochemically polymerized polyvaline-modified graphite paste sensor (PVMGPS) was developed in this work to investigate the mechanistic and kinetic pathways of the electrooxidation of THB. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for characterizing the designed sensors. The fabricated PVMGPS under optimal conditions produced enhanced current responses compared to the bare graphite paste sensor (BGPS). Multiple parameters were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Key results: The electroactive surface areas of the BGPS and PVMGPS were evaluated as 0.025 and 0.252 cm2, respectively. The study of the effect of pH of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and further analysis revealed that the electro-oxidation involves equivalent numbers of electrons and protons. Scan rate dependence revealed that the oxidation of THB proceeds through diffusion-controlled kinetics. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were evaluated to be 1.22 and 4.08 µM, respectively. Moreover, the voltammetric assay demonstrated a good recovery rate, proving the efficacy of the proposed sensor in detecting THB-containing food samples. Conclusions: The outcome of the analysis substantiated the efficacy, selectivity and sensitivity of the developed novel sensor for THB detection.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Cyclic voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: differential pulse voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: electro polymerization
  topic: keywords
subject: valine
  topic: keywords
subject: vanillin
  topic: keywords
creator: Sharmila Battira Madappa
creator: Jamballi G. Manjunatha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Battira Madappa , Manjunatha J.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-26
publication date: 2025-09-26
doi: 10.5599/admet.2928

Plantain peel extract–mediated synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: comprehensive characterization, bioinertness in vitro and in vivo, and anticancer evaluation
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, failing to identify a complete cure. Liver cancer is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide, and its cure is still not assured. Nanoparticles, especially the metal oxide nanoparticles, have been explored as anticancer agents in recent times. In an attempt to make the best use of waste, plantain peel, a byproduct of agriculture, was used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles. Experimental approach: The plantain peel extract was evaluated for its chemical compo­sition by GC-MS analysis, which revealed a predominant presence of tetratetracontane. The copper oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, zeta poten­tial, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Bio-inertness was assessed using an MTT assay of fibroblasts, a haemolysis assay, and zebrafish embryo analysis. The anticancer activity against HepG2 cells was estimated. Key results: The absorption peak was found at 402 nm, the hydrodynamic diameter was 323 nm, the zeta potential was +10.74 mV, and a band gap of 1.3 eV. The SEM images showed a size range of 54 to 85 nm with a chrysanthemum-petal-like morphology. EDAX showed the presence of Cu and O, and the XRD and FTIR peaks corroborated with that of CuO. The result showed that up to a dose of 50 μg mL-1, the nanoparticles did not induce any toxicity. Finally, the anticancer activity, evaluated using the HepG2 cell line, showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect with an IC50 of 26.20 μg mL-1. Conclusion: The outcome of this study suggested that the synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles can be used at controlled doses to kill cancer cells. Further studies are needed using other cancer cell lines and in vivo cancer models.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Health care
  topic: keywords
subject: copper oxide nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: HepG2 cell killing
  topic: keywords
subject: zebrafish embryos
  topic: keywords
subject: plantain peel
  topic: keywords
creator: Srimathi JaganMoorthy
creator: Pranav Raaj Subbarayan Ravichandar
creator: Harini Ganesan
creator: Balasubramanian Deepika
creator: Pazhani Durgadevi
creator: Arulsamy Arokyapraveen
creator: Agnishwar Girigoswami
creator: Koyeli Girigoswami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Srimathi JaganMoorthy, Pranav Raaj Subbarayan Ravichandar, Harini Ganesan, Balasubramanian Deepika, Pazhani Durgadevi, Arulsamy Arokyapraveen, Agnishwar Girigoswami, Koyeli Girigoswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
doi: 10.5599/admet.3203

Neuroprotective cellular and molecular mechanisms of physical exercise on neurodegenerative diseases
type: item
description: Background: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease are characterized by a progressive loss of neuronal function and loss of synaptic capacity. Physical exercise (PE) is one of the non-clinical techniques for the management of brain health and neurodegeneration. Mechanisms: PE enhances the body's metabolic functions through cellular and molecular changes. It trades off metabolic functions, energy expenditure, and signalling processes to ensure physiological homeostasis and defence against disease. Exercise produces cascades, at the molecular level, including neurotrophic signalling, similar to those generated by drugs. It increases the levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These elements favour the growth of new neurons, vascular enlargement, and synaptic plasticity. PE also induces microglial cells to attain a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory phenotype, reduces detrimental cytokines, promotes cellular clearance through autophagy, restores neurotransmitter homogenisation, and induces hippocampal cell formation. Collectively, it acts as a powerful modulator of health and brain activity. Implications: The aggregate processes enhance neuronal vulnerability to harm, aid cognitive functioning, and ensure the stability of neural networks. Conclusion: PE is an exciting additive therapy for preventing and treating various neurodegenerative disorders by orchestrating a diverse array of cellular and molecular responses.
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Physical exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: neuroprotective
  topic: keywords
subject: neurogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: neuronal survival
  topic: keywords
subject: neuroendocrine regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Saswati Swagatika Sahoo
creator: Pratap Kumar Sahu
creator: Nishigandha Sa
creator: Anindita Behera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saswati Swagatika Sahoo, Pratap Kumar Sahu, Nishigandha Sa, Anindita Behera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
doi: 10.5599/admet.3058

ZnO-modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical sensing of dopamine in the presence of tyrosine
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, functions as a catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain, sending messages to other neurons to regulate information transmission to other areas of the brain, govern movement, and alter brain activity. Tyrosine undergoes an enzymatic process in the pharmaceutical industry to produce dopamine. Thus, it is crucial to measure both tyrosine and dopamine in bodily fluids simultaneously. Experimental approach: In this work, we demonstrate the production of ZnO nanoparticles using a straightforward solvothermal technique. A straightforward, quick, and sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for dopamine detection was then created using the produced ZnO nanoparticles. Key results: Cyclic voltammetry comparison revealed that the ZnO/carbon paste electrode considerably enhanced the dopamine oxidation process compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode (CPE). With a low detection limit of 0.003 μM, the ZnO/CPE sensor's linear response for voltammetric dopamine determination was found to be between 0.01 and 480.0 μM. Conclusion: The modified CPE effectively demonstrates its great accuracy in tyrosine-induced dopamine detection.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: ZnO nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Alzheimer's disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Parkinson's disease
  topic: keywords
subject: chronoamperometry
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Obaid Imarah
creator: Nada Hasan
creator: Mustafa G. Alabbasi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Obaid Imarah, Nada Hasan, Mustafa G. Alabbasi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 3010
ending page: 3010
doi: 10.5599/admet.3010

A simple UiO-66-NH2@MWCNTs based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive detection of metronidazole
type: item
description: Metronidazole (MRNZ) represents a highly efficacious pharmacological agent for the treatment of protozoal infections, encompassing trichomoniasis, giardiasis, as well as disorders instigated by anaerobic bacteria. In the present investigation, a solvothermal approach is employed to synthesize a composite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) with UiO-66-NH2, resulting in the formation of UiO-66-NH2@MWCNTs. Given the exceptional electrocatalytic characteristics of the UiO-66-NH2@MWCNTs nanocomposite, it was selected as the sensing material and subsequently integrated onto the surface of a bare screen-printed carbon electrode. Under optimal experimental conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor exhibited outstanding metrics of repeatability, stability, selectivity, and reproducibility for detection across an extensive concentration range, specifically from 0.5 μM to 350.0 μM, while achieving a limit of detection of 0.1 μM. Furthermore, the practical application of the sensor was rigorously assessed using MRNZ tablet samples and urine specimens, resulting in a commendable recovery rate of MRNZ ranging from 97.3% to 104.0%. This research elucidates a straightforward, expedited, and significant methodology for the application of UiO-66-NH2@MWCNTs within the domain of electrochemical sensing.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Screen printed electrode
  topic: keywords
subject: voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: chemically modified electrodes
  topic: keywords
subject: real sample analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor Abd Alkhudhur Salman
creator: Israa A. Jassem
creator: Isam Nghaimesh Taeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Abd Alkhudhur Salman , Israa A. Jassem , Isam Nghaimesh Taeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
doi: 10.5599/admet.2940

Efficient electrochemical determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid in real samples using tungsten disulfide nanostructure modified electrode
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Research on the detection of uric acid (URA) and dopamine (DPA) is ongoing because of the difficulties posed by their closely overlapping oxidation potentials. Tungsten disulfide nanostructures have become attractive electrode materials to address this problem due to their low toxicity, low cost, easy production, and strong catalytic activity. Experimental approach: For voltammetric detection of compounds, we present the creation of an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with tungsten disulfide nanostructures. Key results: According to electrochemical analyses, the manufactured sensor performed exceptionally well, having a broad LDR of 0.03 to 600.0 μM and a low LOD of 10 nM for DPA. Conclusion: The effective detection of compounds in real samples, such as injections and urine, with acceptable recovery rates further confirmed the suggested sensor's practical usefulness. In addition to offering a viable method for creating tungsten disulfide-based modified electrodes, this study holds promise for future applications in bioanalytical sensing and clinical diagnostics.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Central nervous system
  topic: keywords
subject: cardiovascular system
  topic: keywords
subject: nanostructured materials
  topic: keywords
subject: chemically modified electrode
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Ayad Jihad
creator: Thekrayat Joodi Jassim
creator: Zainab Naeif Mageed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Ayad Jihad, Thekrayat Joodi Jassim, Zainab Naeif Mageed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
doi: 10.5599/admet.2968

Electrochemical determination of calcium folinate in the presence of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil using UiO-66/CdS composite modified screen-printed carbon electrode
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Calcium folinate is frequently co-administered with methotrexate and 5-fluo­ro­uracil in chemotherapeutic treatments to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity. Therefore, simple and accurate determination of calcium folinate in the presence of these agents is essential for thera­peutic monitoring and pharmaceutical analysis. Experimental approach: The current work is focused on de­sign­ing and developing a simple and sensitive modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE)-based ele­ctro­chemical sensor for the determination of calcium folinate in the presence of methotrexate and 5-flu­orouracil. For this purpose, a nanostructure of UiO-66/CdS composite was prepared. Then, we used the prepared UiO-66/CdS com­posite to modify SPCE towards the development of an electrochemical sensing platform (UiO-66/ /CdS/SPCE). Key results: The cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that the UiO-66/CdS/SPCE could significantly improve the detection of calcium folinate with a higher response peak current at a lower overpotential compared to other SPCEs. Also, the UiO-66/CdS/SPCE sensor demonstrated a good ability in the quantitative determination of calcium folinate by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. Based on DPV measurements, a linearity plot was achieved for the concentration range of 0.1 to 300.0 µM calcium folinate with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 µM and a high sensitivity of 0.0503 µA µM-1. Furthermore, the UiO-66/ /CdS/SPCE sensor showed three well-separated oxidation peaks for the simultaneous determination of calcium folinate, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil without interfering with each other. Finally, the UiO-66/CdS/SPCE sensor was used to detect calcium folinate, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in real samples, and the values of recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) were satisfactory. Conclusion: The results from this study show that the designed sensor can be used as an efficient and promising platform fo…
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Calcium folinate,
  topic: keywords
subject: methotrexate
  topic: keywords
subject: 5-fluorouracil
  topic: keywords
subject: electrochemical sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: metal-organic frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: chemotherapy drugs
  topic: keywords
creator: Raed Muslim Muhibes
creator: Fatma A.Khazaal
creator: Qasim Mezban Salih
creator: Raad Radi Karabat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Raed Muslim Muhibes, Fatma A.Khazaal, Qasim Mezban Salih, Raad Radi Karabat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 2897
ending page: 2897
doi: 10.5599/admet.2897

Modelling an alternative lipophilicity scale of bisphenols using biomimetic chromatography: Relevance to membrane-driven baseline toxicity
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Bisphenol A and its structural analogues are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and potential endocrine disruptors, creating a need for mechanistically relevant descriptors that support early hazard assessment. This study asked whether lipophilicity indices derived from biomimetic chromatography better reflect baseline toxicity and membrane-relevant behaviour of bisphenols than commonly used in silico log P / log D descriptors. Experimental approach: A set of 18 bisphenol derivatives was analysed using phosphatidylcholine- and sphingomyelin-functionalised stationary phases and a conventional C18 column to obtain chromatographic hydrophobicity indices, which were then compared with predicted log P / log D values and related to mechanistically diverse toxicity endpoints (in vitro cytotoxicity in mammalian cells, ex vivo cardiotoxicity assessed as vasodilation, and aquatic toxicity towards Daphnids). Key results: Biomimetic chromatographic indices showed consistently stronger and more coherent relationships with biological activity than theoretical descriptors. They also uniquely captured structural effects, such as positional isomerism, which were largely indistinguishable using theoretical lipophilicity indices. Conclusion: These findings support biomimetic chromatography as an early-tier IATA tool, providing membrane-relevant experimental indices linking bisphenol lipophilicity with baseline toxicity.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Immobilized artificial membrane
  topic: keywords
subject: phospholipid affinity
  topic: keywords
subject: endocrine disruptors
  topic: keywords
subject: baseline toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: sphingomyelin column
  topic: keywords
creator: Krzesimir Ciura
creator: Julia Nicman
creator: Szymon Zdybel
creator: Giacomo Russo
creator: Lucia Grumetto
creator: Katarzyna Ewa Greber
creator: Anita Sosnowska
creator: Joanna Dołżonek
creator: Karolina Jagiello
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Krzesimir Ciura, Julia Nicman, Szymon Zdybel, Giacomo Russo, Lucia Grumetto, Katarzyna Ewa Greber, Anita Sosnowska, Joanna Dołżonek, Karolina Jagiello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-19
publication date: 2026-03-19
doi: 10.5599/admet.3169

Precision therapeutics in non-scarring alopecia: a systemic genomic and pathway-based framework for targeted interventions
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Non-scarring alopecia, principally androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata is highly prevalent and psychologically burdensome; androgenetic alopecia is androgen-driven, whereas alopecia areata is autoimmune. This review synthesizes genetic architecture and pathway biology to outline a precision framework for targeted interventions. Experimental approach: We reviewed full-text studies from the past decade across PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, applying explicit inclusion/ex­clusion criteria; emphasis was placed on Genome wide association studies and Next generation sequencing findings, immune and androgen-axis biology, environmental modifiers, and therapeutic evidence (conven­tional, targeted, and regenerative), alongside artificial Intelligence-enabled diagnostics. Key results: Andro­genetic alopecia risk converges on androgen-receptor signalling and related loci, with perifollicular inflam­mation and oxidative stress as modifiers; finasteride remains a cornerstone therapy. Alopecia areata reflects polygenic immune dysregulation (e.g. Human leukocyte antigen/cytokine axes) with Janus Kinase-pathway inhibition yielding robust regrowth; across phenotypes, wingless-related integration sit/β-catenin and stem-cell programs are central targets. Regenerative options (Protein Rich Plasma, stem-cell/exosome appro­aches) and artificial Intelligence-assisted stratification are emerging adjuncts. Conclusion: A pathway-guided, genotype and phenotype-informed strategy, targeting the androgen axis for androgenetic alopecia, immune circuits for alopecia areata, and adding regenerative or microenvironmental therapies where indicated-promises earlier diagnosis and more durable, individualized outcomes, especially as genome-wide association study/next-generation sequencing and artificial Intelligence tools are integrated into care.
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Androgenetic alopecia
  topic: keywords
subject: alopecia areata
  topic: keywords
subject: genome-wide association studies and next-generation sequencing
  topic: keywords
subject: wingless-related integration sit/beta-catenin signalling pathway
  topic: keywords
subject: Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Rinky Kapoor
creator: Depti Bellani
creator: Raji Patil
creator: Debalina Bose
creator: Madhuri Pola
creator: Prashant Anilkumar Singh
creator: Mamata Mishra
creator: Debraj Shome
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rinky Kapoor, Depti Bellani, Raji Patil, Debalina Bose, Madhuri Pola, Prashant Anilkumar Singh, Mamata Mishra, Debraj Shome https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 3030
ending page: 3030
doi: 10.5599/admet.3030

Liposome-mediated gene delivery: A comprehensive review of biophysical parameters, lipid composition and targeting strategies
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Gene therapy has emerged as a transformative strategy for treating genetic and acquired disorders, but its clinical success relies heavily on the development of safe, efficient, and target-specific delivery vectors. Experimental approach: The paper systematically analysed published evidence on liposome composition, physicochemical behaviour, targeting strategies, and their applications in delivering diverse nucleic acids, with emphasis on the structure-function relationships of lipid components and the impact of biophysical parameters on transfection efficiency. Key results: Current findings demonstrate that the molecular architecture of cationic, neutral, and anionic lipids, particularly variations in head groups, linkers, and hydrophobic tails, strongly dictates liposome stability, cellular uptake, and cargo release. Biophysical attributes such as vesicle size, zeta potential, membrane fluidity, fusion capacity, and PEGylation were identified as major determinants of in vivo fate. Active targeting through ligands, including antibodies, peptides, folate, and aptamers, enhances cell-specific delivery, while combinatorial approaches with physical enhancement techniques such as sonoporation and electroporation further improve nucleic acid transport. Conclusion: By integrating structural, functional, and application-based insights, this review highlights key design principles for optimizing next-generation liposomal vectors, although challenges remain in achieving consistent in vivo performance and clinical translation. The work advances the field by offering a unified framework to guide rational engineering of liposomal platforms for gene therapy.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Cationic lipids
  topic: keywords
subject: non-viral vector
  topic: keywords
subject: gene therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: active targeting
  topic: keywords
subject: transfection
  topic: keywords
creator: Erfan Jafari Sale
creator: Mohammad Satari
creator: Behnam Hajipour-Verdom
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Erfan Jafari Sale, Mohammad Satari, Behnam Hajipour-Verdom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
doi: 10.5599/admet.3065

Intranasal carvacrol nanoemulsion: Stroke imaging and neuroprotective study
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Cerebral ischemia causes neuronal damage due to restricted blood flow and presents significant challenges for brain-targeted drug delivery because of the blood-brain barrier. The purpose of this study is to formulate and evaluate an intranasal oil-in-water nanoemulsion of carvacrol, a neuro­protective agent, for direct nose-to-brain delivery in treating cerebral ischemia. Experimental approach: Nano­emulsions were developed using high-pressure homogenization and optimized by adjusting surfactant mixture ratios and homogenization cycles. Characterization included droplet size (<200 nm), polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug content, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and drug release profiles. Intranasal suitability was assessed through in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies, including pharmacokinetics, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, and evaluation in a middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. Key results: The optimized nanoemulsion showed sustained release, enhanced nasal permeation, and significantly improved brain bioavailability (Cmax = 67.79 ng mL-1 intranasal vs. 49.71 ng mL-1 intravenous). Lower systemic exposure and high targeting indices (DTE: 1317 %; DTP: 92.40 %) confirmed efficient brain delivery. SPECT imaging validated localized uptake, and the ischemia model demonstrated strong neuroprotective efficacy. Conclusion: Intranasal carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsion is a promising non-invasive strategy for cerebral ischemia treatment, enabling effective brain targeting and significant therapeutic benefit.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Nose to brain
  topic: keywords
subject: radiolabelling
  topic: keywords
subject: gamma scintigraphy
  topic: keywords
subject: middle cerebral artery occlusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Hitendra Mahajan
creator: Ghanshyam Girnar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hitendra Mahajan, Ghanshyam Girnar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
doi: 10.5599/admet.2967

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles and microparticles for peptide delivery: release mechanisms and controlling factors
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Therapeutic peptides offer high potency but are limited by rapid degradation, poor bioavailability, and the need for frequent dosing. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and microparticles are effective carriers capable of protecting peptides and enabling controlled release. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing peptide release from PLGA particles and identifies formulation factors critical for optimizing therapeutic performance. Approach: A comprehensive analysis of polymer charac­teristics, particle design parameters, peptide physicochemical properties, and formulation strategies was conducted using data from recent studies. Release mechanisms, including diffusion, polymer degradation, and erosion, were examined alongside manufacturing methods. The review also evaluates clinical PLGA-based peptide products to highlight translational relevance. Key results: Peptide release profiles are strongly influenced by PLGA molecular weight, lactide:glycolide ratio, particle size, end-group chemistry, drug loading, and excipients. Lower polymer molecular weight, higher glycolide content, and smaller particle dimensions accelerate release, whereas cationic peptides experience electrostatic retention within degrading matrices. Additives such as PEG, magnesium salts, and chitosan coatings effectively modulate burst release and stability. PLGA systems typically display triphasic release profiles governed by diffusion and erosion. Several PLGA microparticle-based peptide depots have achieved clinical success, although no nanoparticle-based products have yet reached the market due to manufacturing and regulatory challenges. Conclusion: PLGA nano- and microparticles provide versatile, tuneable platforms for sustained peptide delivery. Under­stand­ing the interplay between polymer properties, particle architecture, and peptide characteristics is essential for designing next-generation long-acting formulations with improved efficacy and…
subject: Pharmacokinetics and toxicology
  topic: section
subject: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
  topic: keywords
subject: drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: particle
  topic: keywords
subject: nanomaterial
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammadmahdi Eshaghi
creator: Marzieh Dehghani
creator: Azam Abedi
creator: Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
creator: Ramezan Ali Taheri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammadmahdi Eshaghi, Marzieh Dehghani, Azam Abedi, Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghadam , Ramezan Ali Taheri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
doi: 10.5599/admet.3091

Potential effect of nanoformulated iota carrageenan in Aβ1-42 disaggregation: an in vitro, in vivo and in silico study
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Alzheimer's disease is the primary contributor to neurodegenerative conditions. These pathologies are identified by the deposition of β-amyloid peptide within brain regions. It develops insoluble fibrils known as senile plaques. These plaques are associated with synaptic dysfunction, neuroin­flammation, and progressive cognitive decline. Hence, the degradation and elimination of β-amyloid peptide fibrils from the body are viable therapeutic approaches for managing Alzheimer’s disease. Experimental approach: In the current study, liposomal nanoformulated iota carrageenan was synthesized and characterized using different photophysical tools. The nanoformulated iota carrageenan effectively degraded β-amyloid peptide 1-42, with 45.5 % reduction confirmed by Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. This activity was further supported by turbidity and dynamic light scattering analysis. Key results: The biocompatibility of nano­form­ulated iota carrageenan and its degraded β-amyloid peptide was determined using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- -2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), live/dead cell assay on PC12 cells. Structural disintegration of the β-amyloid peptide fibrils was validated through atomic force microscopy, revealing a significant reduction in fibrillar morphology. In silico studies also evidenced the interaction between the β-amyloid peptide and nanoformulated iota carrageenan. In addition, the neuroprotective potential of nanoformulated iota carrageenan, as evidenced by nanoformulated iota carrageenan-treated β-amyloid peptide, was supported by neurite outgrowth studies. These studies showed that differentiated PC12 cells exhibited larger neurite growth with extensive branching, indicating the reversal of β-amyloid peptide-induced neurotoxicity. CAM assay demonstrated enhanced blood vessel formation in chick embryos treated with nanoformulated iota carrageenan and its β-amyloid peptide-degraded group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that…
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Alzheimer's disease
  topic: keywords
subject: neurodegenerative disease
  topic: keywords
subject: neurite outgrowth
  topic: keywords
subject: mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: β-amyloid
  topic: keywords
creator: Saranya Udayakumar
creator: Sanjay Kisan Metkar
creator: Koyeli Girigoswami
creator: Agnishwar Girigoswami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saranya Udayakumar, Sanjay Kisan Metkar, Koyeli Girigoswami, Agnishwar Girigoswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
doi: 10.5599/admet.3122

Rosanoid diterpenoids: structural diversity, classification and biological activities
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Rosanoid diterpenoids, including ent-rosane and rosane diterpenoids, are structurally unique and bioactive subclass diterpenes characterized by a tricyclic carbon skeleton. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on these diterpenoids from 1975. to September 2025., including their occurrence, structural diversity, and biological activities. Approach: An extensive literature search was conducted through scientific databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and publishers’ webpages (Elsevier, Wiley, ACS, RSC, Taylor & Francis, Springer, Bentham, Thieme, and MDPI), covering reports from 1975 to September 2025. Key Results: Rosanoid diterpenoids have been isolated from various natural sources, including fungi, liverworts, and higher plant families such as Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Alismataceae, Asteraceae, Velloziaceae, and Celastraceae. They are predominantly found in Euphorbia species, revealing their chemotaxonomic relevance to the Euphorbiaceae family. These compounds exhibit extensive structural diversity, encompassing a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, enzyme-inhibitory, neuroactive, and anti-adipogenic effects. Conclusion: The reported findings highlight the chemical variability and pharmacological potential of rosanoid diterpenoids, making them promising building blocks for future drug discovery and natural product development. However, further studies are warranted to explore their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and biosynthetic pathways.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: ent-rosane diterpenoids
  topic: keywords
subject: rosane diterpenoid
  topic: keywords
subject: natural products
  topic: keywords
subject: drug discovery
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
creator: Hani Z. Asfour
creator: Gamal A. Mohamed
creator: Nabil A. Alhakamy
creator: Hossam M. Abdallah
creator: Hagar M. Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim, Hani Z. Asfour , Gamal A. Mohamed, Nabil A. Alhakamy , Hossam M. Abdallah, Hagar M. Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06
doi: 10.5599/admet.3165