ADMET and DMPK
type: channel
description: ADMET & DMPK (ISSN 1848-7718) is an international, peer reviewed open-access Journal aiming for rapid dissemination of original research articles, review papers and comments in the broad areas of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of drugs. The emphasis is on rapid publishing of articles of high scientific quality to make them freely available to researchers worldwide.
publisher: IAPC Publishing
language: en
publication name: ADMET and DMPK
issn: 1848-7718
items: Anti-amyloid activity of carrageenan-loaded liposomal nanocarriers against subcutaneous insulin-induced amyloid masses in rats
items: Novel hydroxynaphthalene and quinoline derivatives effective against Trypanosoma and Leishmania
items: Inhibition of the mitochondrial fission dynamin-related protein-1 attenuates insulin resistance in hepatoma cells: Implication of mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and nucleolar disruption
items: Extracellular vesicles and their translational therapeutic potential
items: ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode for determination of serotonin in the presence of dopamine and tryptophan
items: Simultaneous electrochemical determination of acetaminophen and ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using a holmium-modified UiO-66 metal-organic framework electrode
items: Leveraging network pharmacology in the treatment of asthma
items: Enhanced anti-inflammatory and antibacterial efficacy of a novel gum ghatti-infused polymeric film for ocular drug delivery
items: Magnetoreceptive CRY/MagR complexes: linking circadian redox signalling to protein aggregation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
items: Bimetallic metal organic framework modified screen printed electrode for simultaneous voltammetric determination of calcium folinate and methotrexate
items: Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode for erlotinib determination
items: From nanoscale to clinic: The growing impact of nanotechnology in translational drug delivery
items: Experimentally derived biomimetic chromatographic descriptors for drug-induced phospholipidosis liability prediction
items: Zn-Ni metal-organic framework nanosheets@graphene oxide nanocomposite: A promising voltammetric platform for sensitive determination of doxorubicin
items: Comprehensive review of biosynthesis, plant function, metabolism and new therapeutic bioactivities of flavonoids
items: Electrochemical detection of illicit sibutramine adulteration in herbal weight-loss products using an AgNPs-ErGO modified electrode
items: Mechanisms of action of the hexane extract of Hypericum brasiliense and its component uliginosin B against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
items: Cholinesterases inhibition profiles with Ugi-derived peptide­mimetics: A combined experimental and computational study
items: Engineering affibody-based biosensing platforms for cancer biomarker detection
items: Design, synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-piperazine derivatives targeting mycobacterial dihydrofolate reductase
items: Synthesis and characterization of bimetallic nanocomplex: Application for electrochemical determination of idarubicin as anti-cancer drug
items: Assessing oxime reactivation efficacy using principal component analysis: Insights from nerve agents inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase
items: Prediction of bile salt export pump inhibition using biomimetic chromatographic descriptors: Integrating membrane affinity and protein binding
items: Structure-activity relationship of captopril derivatives as New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase 1 inhibitors
items: Synthesis of NiO nanostructures as electrode materials for the voltammetric determination of epinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen
items: A high-performance voltammetric sensor based on Co/Ni-metal-organic framework modified electrode for the determination of dopamine in the presence of tyrosine
items: Neuroprotective cellular and molecular mechanisms of physical exercise on neurodegenerative diseases
items: Linking biomimetic binding measurements to pharmacokinetic models of volume of distribution and hepatic clearance
items: Mortality prediction with adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer: Machine learning-integrated explainable artificial intelligence and Bayesian model results
items: https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/view/3238

Anti-amyloid activity of carrageenan-loaded liposomal nanocarriers against subcutaneous insulin-induced amyloid masses in rats
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Protein misfolding and subsequent amyloid formation are associated with various diseases like localized amyloidosis, type II diabetes, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin can undergo fibrillation under specific physiological conditions, leading to the formation of localized amyloid deposits. Repeated subcutaneous administration of insulin fibrils induces amyloid mass at injection sites. Experimental approach: This study investigated the pathological consequences of insulin fibril deposition in a rat model and evaluated the anti-amyloid efficacy of iota-carrageenan (CG) and its liposomal nano­formulation (nCG). Repeated subcutaneous administration of insulin for 28 days induced the formation of a well-defined amyloid mass. Key results: Treatment with nCG markedly reduced amyloid accumulation and effectively suppressed amyloid progression. Histopathological examination demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in amyloid deposits following CG treatment, while nCG-treated groups exhibited no detectable amyloid accumulation. The formation and inhibition of amyloid were further validated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Congo red and thioflavin T (ThT) staining. In addition, nCG showed excellent biocompatibility, with no observable pathological alterations in major organs. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings indicate that both CG and nCG possess significant anti-amyloid activity, with nanoformulated CG showing enhanced efficacy in preventing insulin-induced localized amyloidosis.
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Localized amyloidosis
  topic: keywords
subject: neurodegenerative diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: amyloid clearance
  topic: keywords
subject: sulfated polysaccharide
  topic: keywords
subject: healthcare
  topic: keywords
creator: Saranya Udayakumar
creator: Koyeli Girigoswami
creator: Venkatakrishnan Kiran
creator: Devadass Jessy Mercy
creator: Vijayashree Raghavan
creator: Agnishwar Girigoswami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saranya Udayakumar, Koyeli Girigoswami, Venkatakrishnan Kiran, Devadass Jessy Mercy, Vijayashree Raghavan, Agnishwar Girigoswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-20
publication date: 2026-08-20
doi: 10.5599/admet.3536

Novel hydroxynaphthalene and quinoline derivatives effective against Trypanosoma and Leishmania
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant parasites, particularly Trypanosoma and Leishmania, together with the limited efficacy of current therapies, highlights the need for new antiprotozoal agents. Current therapeutic options remain limited by toxicity and insufficient efficacy. Building on our previous work on naphthalene and quinoline derivatives with antiparasitic activity, we report new derivatives with potent antiprotozoal activity against both Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei. Experimental approach: The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei, cytotoxicity, and metabolic stability in rat and human liver microsomes. To investigate their possible mechanism of action, a comprehensive molecular modelling study was performed, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations (per-residue analysis), and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations. Key results: Some synthesized compounds exhibited inhibitory effects comparable to or greater than those of the reference compounds and showed no significant cytotoxicity. The most active molecules demonstrated high metabolic stability in both rat and human liver microsomes. Molecular modelling provided mechanistic insight into the observed antiparasitic activity and identified trypanothione reductase and arginase as possible molecular targets in Leishmania mexicana. For Trypanosoma brucei, our simulations suggest that trypanothione reductase is the most probable molecular target and that these compounds inhibit this enzyme. Conclusion: The synthesized hydroxynaphthalene and quinoline derivatives represent promising antiprotozoal compounds with favourable metabolic stability and low cytotoxicity. Molecular modelling provided a possible explanation for their biological activity and suggested potential molecular targets that may support their further optimization.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Carboxanilides
  topic: keywords
subject: antiprotozoal activity
  topic: keywords
subject: structure-activity relationship
  topic: keywords
subject: metabolic stability
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomas Gonec
creator: Tomas Strharsky
creator: Marcela Vettorazzi
creator: Lucas Gutierrez
creator: Martina Cudova
creator: Tereza Kauerova
creator: Michaela Simurdova
creator: Michal Oravec
creator: Jiří Kos
creator: Peter Kollar
creator: Bohuslav Drahos
creator: Jan Jurica
creator: Ondrej Zendulka
creator: Jana Gregorova
creator: Ondrej Pes
creator: Joelle Quetin-Leclercq
creator: Josef Jampilek
creator: Ricardo Daniel Enriz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tomas Gonec, Tomas Strharsky, Marcela Vettorazzi, Lucas Gutierrez, Martina Cudova, Tereza Kauerova, Michaela Simurdova, Michal Oravec, Jiří Kos, Peter Kollar, Bohuslav Drahos, Jan Jurica, Ondrej Zendulka, Jana Gregorova, Ondrej Pes, Joelle Quetin-Leclercq, Josef Jampilek, Ricardo D. Enriz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-20
publication date: 2026-08-20
doi: 10.5599/admet.3520

Inhibition of the mitochondrial fission dynamin-related protein-1 attenuates insulin resistance in hepatoma cells: Implication of mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and nucleolar disruption
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Chronic hyperglycaemia, a defining feature of diabetes mellitus, is closely associated with excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. Accordingly, inhibition of mitochondrial fission has been proposed as a potential strategy for alleviating insulin resistance; however, the associated mitochondrial, cellular, and nuclear consequences remain insufficiently characterised. Experimental approach: In the present study, an insulin-resistant (IR) cellular model was established in HepG2 cells and treated with the mitochondrial division inhibitor (Mdivi-1), a selective inhibitor of dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1). Key results: Exposure of cells to high-glucose medium (25 mM) and insulin (1 nM) decreased glucose uptake, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and downregulated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). Also, Mdivi-1 treatment suppressed DRP1 expression in both Insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) cells, upregulated mito­chondrial fusion-related genes (MFN1 and OPA1) in IR cells, and improved cellular glucose uptake. Notably, IR cells exhibited greater responsiveness to Mdivi-1 than IS cells, as evidenced by enhanced glucose utili­zation, elevated ROS generation, increased apoptosis (24.1 vs. 18.8 % in IS cells), and increased PI3K expres­sion. Despite improvements in insulin responsiveness, Mdivi-1 adversely impaired mitochondrial function, as demonstrated by reduced ATP production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). These alterations were accompanied by G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, chromatin condensation, downregulation of mTORC1, and impaired ribosomal biogenesis, with most cells exhibiting single hyper­trophic or fragmented nucleoli. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that although Mdivi-1 ameliorated insulin resistance and partially restored insulin signalling, its beneficial effects are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced apoptosis, and nucleolar alterations. These observations unde…
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Hyperglycaemia
  topic: keywords
subject: mitochondrial dynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Mdivi-1
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes mellites
  topic: keywords
subject: ribosomal biogenesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mai Hassan
creator: Thoria Donia
creator: Mohamed Hessien
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mai H. Hassan, Thoria Donia , Mohamed Hessien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-20
publication date: 2026-08-20
doi: 10.5599/admet.3512

Extracellular vesicles and their translational therapeutic potential
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising cell-free therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). However, their transition into clinical therapeutics is constrained by unstandardized pharmacokinetics and heterogeneous preclinical reporting. Experimental approach: A meta-analysis of preclinical in vivo OA models evaluating MSC-EV therapy was conducted. Study quality was rigorously assessed using MISEV 2023 (Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles, 2023) criteria and the SYRCLE (Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation) risk-of-bias tool. Quantitative synthesis was performed for the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) histological score, reporting pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95% CIs), along with heterogeneity (I² statistic) and microRNA (miRNA) cargo analysis. Key results: MSC-EV administration conferred robust structural protection against cartilage degradation. Quantitative synthesis of human-derived MSC-EVs (26 studies) significantly reduced OARSI scores (MD -3.27, 95% CI -4.66 to -1.88; p < 0.0001). Similarly, quantitative synthesis of animal-derived MSC-EVs (8 studies) demonstrated an even more profound effect (MD -5.58, 95% CI -7.13 to -4.03; p < 0.0001). Non-parametric Trim-and-Fill analysis estimated zero missing studies in both datasets, confirming that these effect sizes are highly robust to publication bias. Despite these robust efficacy signals, significant heterogeneity (I² > 84 %) persisted. Meta-regression revealed that arbitrary dosage metrics, whether reported by particle count or protein concentration, failed to reliably predict treatment efficacy, highlighting severe gaps in dose-exposure standardization. Conclusion: MSC-EVs demonstrate highly potent, cross-species efficacy in attenuating OA progression. However, clinical translation is critically bottlenecked by a lack of ADMET (absorption, distribu…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles
  topic: keywords
subject: osteoarthritis therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: preclinical models
  topic: keywords
subject: cartilage regeneration
  topic: keywords
subject: regenerative medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Riya Mukherjee
creator: Ramendra Pati Pandey
creator: Chung Ming Chang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Riya Mukherjee, Ramendra Pati Pandey, Chung Ming Chang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-26
publication date: 2026-07-26
doi: 10.5599/admet.3328

ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode for determination of serotonin in the presence of dopamine and tryptophan
type: item
description: Background and purpose: An easy, accurate, faultless, meteoric and inexpensive methodology has to be created for determining important compounds serotonin (SRT), dopamine (DPE) and tryptophan (TPT). Experimental approach: This work explored the use of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles to construct a ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode (ZFO/SPE) sensor for analysing the biomolecule SRT in the presence of DPE and TPT. The results show that ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles can greatly enhance electron-transfer kinetics and exhibit high electrocatalytic activity, making them a useful tool for biomolecule analysis. For detection, differential pulse and cyclic voltammetry have been used to analyse the electrochemical treatment of the analytes. Key results: Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve of current versus SRT concentration in the range of 0.06 to 400.0 µM is linear. The obtained limit of detection is 0.02 µM. By employing this sensing system in detecting SRT, DPE and TPT in human urine and pharmaceutical samples to examine their feasibility for practical applications. The recovery percentage analysis for the real sample was found to be in the range of 96.9 to 103.5. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ZFO/SPE possesses the features of good stability, reproducibility and repeatability for the regular detection of SRT, DPE and TPT.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Neurotransmitters
  topic: keywords
subject: amino acids
  topic: keywords
subject: voltammetry
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Hameed AlSaeedi
creator: Emad Salaam Abood
creator: Rafah Mohammed Thyab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Hameed AlSaeedi, Emad Salaam Abood, Rafah Mohammed Thyab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-18
publication date: 2026-08-18
doi: 10.5599/admet.3504

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of acetaminophen and ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using a holmium-modified UiO-66 metal-organic framework electrode
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (ACE) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) is of considerable importance for pharmaceutical quality control, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensors. In this study, a holmium-modified UiO-66 metal-organic framework (Ho/UiO-66) was synthesized and evaluated as an electrode modifier for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of ACE and CIP. Experimental approach: Ho/UiO-66 was synthesized via a solvothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray mapping. The electrochemical behaviour of ACE and CIP at the Ho/UiO-66-modified glassy carbon electrode (Ho/UiO-66/GCE) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse vol­tam­metry. The effects of solution pH, scan rate, accumulation potential, and accumulation time were syste­matically optimized. Key results: The characterization results demonstrated the successful incorporation of Ho species while preserving the crystalline structure of UiO-66. Among the investigated materials, Ho/UiO-66 (3/100 molar ratio) exhibited the most favourable combination of crystallinity, porosity and electrochemical performance, and was therefore selected for sensor fabrication. Under the optimized conditions, well-resolved oxidation peaks for ACE and CIP were obtained, enabling their simultaneous determination without mutual interference. The oxidation processes were found to be predominantly diffusion-controlled. The developed sensor exhibited satisfactory analytical performance with wide linear concentration ranges, low detection limits, satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, and long-term stability. The sensor was applied to the determination of ACE and CIP in real pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory recoveries.…
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Differential pulse voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: drug quality control
  topic: keywords
subject: metal-organic frameworks
  topic: keywords
subject: multiplex sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: rare-earth doping
  topic: keywords
subject: standard addition method
  topic: keywords
creator: Nguyen Quang Man
creator: Pham Thi Huyen Thoa
creator: Phan Tu Quy
creator: Truong Thi Phuong Nga
creator: Cao Van Hoang
creator: Le Van Thanh Son
creator: Le Thi Hong Phong
creator: Pham Khac Lieu
creator: Le Lam Son
creator: Dinh Quang Khieu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nguyen Quang Man, Pham Thi Huyen Thoa, Phan Tu Quy, Truong Thi Phuong Nga, Cao Van Hoang, Le Van Thanh Son, Le Thi Hong Phong, Pham Khac Lieu, Le Lam Son, Dinh Quang Khieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-15
publication date: 2026-08-15
doi: 10.5599/admet.3535

Leveraging network pharmacology in the treatment of asthma
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Asthma, a chronic airway inflammatory disorder driven by multifaceted genetic, cellular and molecular interactions, remains inadequately managed by single-target therapies due to incomplete disease control and adverse effects; this review aimed to explore network pharmacology's role in elucidating multi-target mechanisms of phytotherapeutic agents for asthma, with a focus on integrating ADMET/DMPK profiling to predict clinical translatability and safety. Experimental approach: We employed network pharmacology methodologies including target prediction (e.g. via PharmMapper, PubChem), protein-protein interaction network construction (STRING, Cytoscape), pathway enrichment analysis (KEGG, Reactome), molecular docking (AutoDock) and ADMET/DMPK modelling (SwissADME, pkCSM) to dissect multi-component herbal formulations, complemented by literature-mined experimental validations. Key results: Analyses identified key asthma-related targets (e.g. IL-17, TNF) and pathways (JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT), revealing quercetin and kaempferol's multi-target efficacy in reducing airway inflammation and immune dysregulation; favourable ADMET profiles (high oral bioavailability, low toxicity) and DMPK parameters (metabolic stability via CYP inhibition) supported their therapeutic potential in herbal combinations. Conclusion: Network pharmacology, enhanced by ADMET/DMPK integration, advances a holistic under­standing of herbal asthma treatments, promoting safe, multi-target drug development. Limitations include data gaps in multi-omics validation and herbal standardization, with future directions leveraging AI-driven predictions for personalized pharmacotherapy.
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Molecular dynamics simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: herbal medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: systems pharmacology
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-target therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarthi Ahuja
creator: Richard Cherehani Kashindye
creator: Divya Yadav
creator: Priyanka Chaudhary
creator: Rakesh Yadav
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarthi Ahuja , Richard Cherehani Kashindye , Divya Yadav, Priyanka Chaudhary, Rakesh Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-07
publication date: 2026-05-07
doi: 10.5599/admet.3281

Enhanced anti-inflammatory and antibacterial efficacy of a novel gum ghatti-infused polymeric film for ocular drug delivery
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Ocular inflammation is a key challenge after ocular surgery, and resistance has developed in the bacterial strain. Primarily, the short residence time of the ocular formulation makes it more effective in treating and alleviating inflammation. Experimental approach: In this study, a moxifloxacin-incorporated gum ghatti-infused poly(vinyl alcohol-chitosan) polymeric film was developed using the solvent casting method. Various properties of the ocular composite film, including mucoadhesiveness, strength profile, and crystal size, were evaluated. Key results: The prepared composite film exhibited a red-yellow hue. XRD and DSC analyses revealed that the drug in the formulation is amorphous. The release profile reduces the release rate and follows both Fickian and non-Fickian mediated pathways. A clear zone of inhibition was observed against both Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The in vivo anti-inflammatory potential of carrageenan was observed against the prepared formulations, and within 1.5 hours, redness and inflammation diminished. Corneal integrity was maintained, with no dark spots observed in the corneal region, confirming that no coagulant or thrombosis of blood occurred in the eye. Conclusion: Based on the foregoing discussion, the formulation shows potential for treating ocular conjunctivitis and can be safely used for pink eye, bacterial conjunctivitis, or allergic conjunctivitis.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Corneal integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: inflammation
  topic: keywords
subject: irritation
  topic: keywords
subject: transparency
  topic: keywords
creator: Swagatika Das
creator: Sk Habibullah
creator: Yashwant Giri
creator: Amulyaratna Behera
creator: Gurudutta Pattnaik
creator: Biswaranjan Mohanty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Swagatika Das, Sk Habibullah, Yashwant Giri, Amulyaratna Behera, Gurudutta Pattnaik, Biswaranjan Mohanty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
doi: 10.5599/admet.3200

Magnetoreceptive CRY/MagR complexes: linking circadian redox signalling to protein aggregation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) pose an escalating challenge to neuroscience, as disease-modifying therapies remain elusive despite substantial advances in molecular and cellular understanding. These disorders share convergent pathological features, including protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired proteostasis, and disruption of circadian regulation. Identifying integrative frameworks that connect these processes is therefore essential for advancing conceptual models of neurodegeneration. This review examines magneto-proteins, with a particular focus on CRY/MagR-based magnetoreceptor complexes, as emerging biological systems that may intersect with key molecular pathways implicated in AD and PD. Experimental approach: We synthesized literature from neuroscience, biophysics, and circadian biology to evaluate the potential relevance of magnetoreceptor mechanisms to AD and PD pathology. We first summarized the core neuropathological mechanisms underlying both diseases, including amyloid-β and tau pathology in AD and α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic vulnerability in PD. We then outlined the biophysical foundations of magneto-protein function, emphasizing cryptochrome-mediated radical pair mechanisms, iron-sulfur cluster-dependent magnetic sensitivity, and their established roles in redox signaling and circadian biology. Key results: Accumulating experimental evidence from cellular and animal models suggests that CRY/MagR-associated pathways can modulate oxidative stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, protein aggregation dynamics, autophagic processes, and circadian control of neuronal metabolism. These processes closely overlap with molecular determinants of neuronal vulnerability in AD and PD. However, direct validation in mammalian and human systems remains limited and controversial, representing a critical knowledge gap. Conclusi…
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Cryptochrome
  topic: keywords
subject: magnetoreceptor
  topic: keywords
subject: oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: circadian rhythms
  topic: keywords
creator: Mozhgan Alipour
creator: Behnam Hajipour-Verdom
creator: Faria Ashrafi
creator: Sara Rahmati Roodsari
creator: Shabnam Nohesara
creator: Alireza Zali
creator: Farzad Ashrafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mozhgan Alipour, Behnam Hajipour-Verdom, Faria Ashrafi, Sara Rahmati Roodsari, Shabnam Nohesara, Alireza Zali, Farzad Ashrafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
doi: 10.5599/admet.3366

Bimetallic metal organic framework modified screen printed electrode for simultaneous voltammetric determination of calcium folinate and methotrexate
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Calcium folinate (CFT) is a medication used as an antidote to methotrexate (MTT) and as a vitamin against anaemia. MTT is used to treat a variety of carcinomas, including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer and choriocarcinoma. Experimental approach: A nanocomposite made of Fe and Mg linked to a 1,4-benzene dicarboxylate ligand metal organic framework (FeMg-BDC MOF) was created for this investigation. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, the morphology and structure of the Mg-BDC MOF were examined. Next, a screen-printed electrode modified with a synthetic nanocomposite (FeMg-BDC MOF/SPE) was used as the working electrode for voltammetric detection of CFT. Key results: The FeMg-BDC MOF/SPE demonstrated high electrocatalytic activity for CFT oxidation as compared to unmodified SPE. The limit of detection is 0.04 μM, and under ideal conditions, the oxidation peak currents of CFT show a linear relationship with its concentration in the range of 0.1 to 390.0 μM. Additionally, when MTT was present, the FeMg-BDC MOF/SPE demonstrated good activity toward CFT determination. The oxidation peak potentials' separation (255 mV) shows that differential pulse voltammetry may be used to detect these two medications simultaneously. Conclusion: the devised sensor's applicability was confirmed with outstanding results using CFT and MTT assays in pharmaceutical specimens and urine samples.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Cancer disease
  topic: keywords
subject: chemotherapy drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: electrochemical sensor
  topic: keywords
creator: Ameer Mahmood Shaker
creator: Batool Nassir Hamran
creator: Ala’a R. Shaker
creator: Hussein Ali Bahrani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ameer Mahmood Shaker, Batool Nassir Hamran, Ala’a R. Shaker, Hussein Ali Bahrani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-08
publication date: 2026-08-08
doi: 10.5599/admet.3487

Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode for erlotinib determination
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Erlotinib (ERL), a first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor drug that is used in non-small cell lung cancer treatment, requires precise therapeutic drug monitoring owing to its narrow therapeutic window and significant inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability; existing chromatographic methods, while robust, are resource-intensive and incompatible with point-of-care settings, necessitating the development of simpler, cost-effective electroanalytical alternatives. Experimental approach: A titanium dioxide nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode (TiO₂NP@SPE) was fabricated via a facile single-step modification and comprehensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray Analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, and analytical validation was performed in human serum using the standard addition method. Key results: The TiO₂NP@SPE demonstrated markedly enhanced electron transfer kinetics over the bare SPE, yielding a well-defined linear response with a competitive limit of detection, high sensitivity, and intra- and inter-day serum recoveries within acceptable precision limits, alongside excellent selectivity against physiologically relevant interferents and structurally related anticancer agents. Conclusion: This work developed a disposable screen-printed electrode sufficient to achieve sensitive, selective, and accurate quantification of ERL in human serum using TiO₂NP@SPE as a promising, clinically translatable platform for point-of-care therapeutic drug monitoring in oncology; future efforts should address the elevated detection limit relative to the bare electrode and extend validation to real patient plasma samples to fully confirm clinical applicability.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Electrochemical sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: differential pulse voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic drug monitoring
  topic: keywords
creator: Pooja Das Manjulabhai
creator: Sruthi Mundangadan
creator: Maria Paul
creator: Srinivedha Lal
creator: Namitha Ramalal
creator: Mariya Anto
creator: Dhanya Gangadharan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Das Manjulabhai, Sruthi Mundangadan , Maria Paul, Srinivedha Lal, Namitha Ramalal, Mariya Anto, Dhanya Gangadharan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-08-09
publication date: 2026-08-09
doi: 10.5599/admet.3437

From nanoscale to clinic: The growing impact of nanotechnology in translational drug delivery
type: item
description: Background and purpose: From the early use of liposomes in the 1960s to modern nucleic acid delivery platforms, nanotechnology has shown its value in drug delivery and diagnostic applications. A wide range of nanostructures has been investigated for drug delivery, including inorganic, polymeric and lipid-based nanomaterials. While some of these nanomaterials have reached more advanced stages of clinical development, some even reaching commercialization, new alternatives are continuously being explored. Approach: This review describes the different categories of nanomaterials being used as nanocarriers and provides concrete representative examples of commercially approved products. Key results: Current trends of nanotechnology developments in the pharmaceutical market largely focus on the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, central nervous system disorders and cardiovascular diseases. At the same time, lipid nanoparticle platforms are gaining relevance in current development pipelines. However, some of the main challenges limiting clinical translation include manufacturability, scale-up, long-term stability, regulatory uncertainty, intellectual property issues and the lack of representative preclinical study models. Conclusion: Nanotechnology has become a fundamental breakthrough in medicine, especially for advanced therapies such as gene silencing or gene editing alternatives. All things considered, no universal nanocarrier fits all biomedical applications; the evolution of the field depends on several platforms demonstrating their individual potential.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Nanomedicine
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical translation
  topic: keywords
subject: regulatory approval
  topic: keywords
subject: innovative drug carriers
  topic: keywords
subject: advanced therapeutics
  topic: keywords
creator: Ronny Vargas
creator: Fabiola Martos-Kikut
creator: Noelia Martinez-Martinez
creator: Esteban Lara-Guerrero
creator: Catalina Lizano-Barrantes
creator: Jorge Andrés Pacheco-Molina
creator: Miquel Romero-Obon
creator: Khadija Rouaz-El-Hajoui
creator: Encarna García-Montoya
creator: Pilar Pérez-Lozano
creator: Carlos Suñe
creator: Marc Suñe-Pou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ronny Vargas, Fabiola Martos-Kikut, Noelia Martinez-Martinez, Esteban Lara-Guerrero, Catalina Lizano-Barrantes, Jorge Andrés Pacheco-Molina, Miquel Romero-Obon, Khadija Rouaz-El-Hajoui, Encarna García-Montoya, Pilar Pérez-Lozano, Carlos Suñe, Marc Suñe-Pou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
doi: 10.5599/admet.3495

Experimentally derived biomimetic chromatographic descriptors for drug-induced phospholipidosis liability prediction
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Drug-induced phospholipidosis (PLD) is a complex intracellular liability commonly associated with the lysosomal accumulation of cationic amphiphilic drugs and remains an important concern in drug development because of its implications for safety, intracellular disposition, and compound prioritization. Although cationic amphiphilicity, membrane interactions, and lysosomal trapping are established features of PLD, experimentally accessible descriptors that capture PLD-relevant membrane affinity remain valuable for early-stage risk assessment. This study aimed to evaluate whether biomimetic chromatographic descriptors can improve the prediction and interpretation of PLD liability by providing experimentally derived information on membrane affinity and protein-binding-related distributional behavior. Experimental approach: A curated dataset of 65 compounds with experimentally reported PLD responses was analyzed using multiple linear regression and ordinal classification approaches. PLD potency was expressed as pEC₅₀, while ordinal models classified compounds into non-inducers, weak/moderate inducers, and strong inducers. Membrane affinity was quantified using immobilized artificial membrane chromatography, expressed as CHI IAM, while protein-related interactions were represented by human serum albumin affinity, log kHSA, and α1-acid glycoprotein affinity, log kAGP. Biomimetic chromatographic descriptors were compared with conventional physicochemical parameters, including log P and log D, to assess their relative predictive and mechanistic value. Key results: CHI IAM-containing models showed strong predictive performance for PLD potency, with external predictivity reaching Q²ext = 0.823. CHI IAM alone also performed strongly, achieving Q²ext = 0.821, indicating that membrane affinity captures a major component of PLD-relevant behavior. In ordinal classification models, CHI IAM alone provided robust discrimination of PLD severity, with a test acc…
subject: Modelling and simulation
  topic: section
subject: Phospholipidosis
  topic: keywords
subject: biomimetic chromatography
  topic: keywords
subject: membrane affinity
  topic: keywords
subject: cationic amphiphilic drugs
  topic: keywords
subject: lysosomal trapping
  topic: keywords
creator: Chrysanthos Stergiopoulos
creator: Klara Valko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chrysanthos Stergiopoulos, Klara Valko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-10
publication date: 2026-07-10
doi: 10.5599/admet.3460

Zn-Ni metal-organic framework nanosheets@graphene oxide nanocomposite: A promising voltammetric platform for sensitive determination of doxorubicin
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Doxorubicin (DOX) serves as an anthracycline-based chemotherapy drug to treat multiple types of cancers and sarcomas, which include lung, breast, bladder, leukaemia, liver, head and neck cancers. Experimental approach: The electroanalysis of the trace level of DOX in this study was conducted using a Zn-Ni metal-organic framework nanosheets@graphene oxide nanocomposite (Zn-Ni MOF NSs@GO) after the modification of a screen-printed carbon electrode (Zn-Ni MOF NSs@GO/SPCE). Using chronoampero­metry, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, the electrochemical characteristics of the sensor as constructed for DOX measurement were examined. Key results: Consequently, the composite sensor demonstrated exceptional electrocatalytic performance in oxidizing DOX within a concentration range of 0.004 to 190.0 μM, with a detection limit of 0.001 μM. It was found that the Zn-Ni MOF NSs@GO/SPCE was effective at determining DOX in real samples, with good recovery values in the 97.1 to 102.0 % range. Conclusion: The designed sensor with cost-effective and good performance could be valuable for therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical diagnostics.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: differential pulse voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: voltammetric sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: real sample
  topic: keywords
subject: synergistic interaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Tahereh Kondori
creator: Niloufar Akbarzadeh-T
creator: Somayeh Tajik
creator: Hadi Beitollahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tahereh Kondori, Niloufar Akbarzadeh-T, Somayeh Tajik, Hadi Beitollahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-08
publication date: 2026-07-08
doi: 10.5599/admet.3384

Comprehensive review of biosynthesis, plant function, metabolism and new therapeutic bioactivities of flavonoids
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway, serving as a vital biological "immune system" for plants by providing UV-B protection, antimicrobial defence, and pollinator attraction. Experimental approach: This review examines how these plant-based survival tools translate into potent therapeutic agents for human health through a literature review using Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect, with keywords alone or in combination with other terms. Key results: Current research demonstrates that flavonoids possess diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory neuroprotective properties, with significant efficacy in mitigating cardio­vascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Despite these benefits, the clinical application of flavonoids is currently hindered by limited bioavailability, which prevents consistent therapeutic concentrations in the human body, and a lack of standardized regulatory dosing. Conclusion: This paper identifies three critical pillars for future innovation in the development of structural analogs to (a) improve intestinal absorption, (b) explore drug synergy for enhancing conventional medical treatments and (c) evaluate the microbiome interactions to facilitate personalized nutrition. By integrating plant biochemistry with clinical pharmacology, flavonoids can be transitioned from general dietary components into precise, evidence-based therapies.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Phenylpropanoid pathway
  topic: keywords
subject: bioavailability
  topic: keywords
subject: bioactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: phytotherapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Iman Permana Maksum
creator: Tati Herlina
creator: Teruna J Siahaan
creator: Yaya Rukayadi
creator: Meiske Naomi Mamuaja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iman Permana Maksum, Tati Herlina, Teruna J Siahaan, Yaya Rukayadi, Meiske Naomi Mamuaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-07
publication date: 2026-07-07
doi: 10.5599/admet.3404

Electrochemical detection of illicit sibutramine adulteration in herbal weight-loss products using an AgNPs-ErGO modified electrode
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Sibutramine is a synthetic anti-obesity drug that has been banned or restricted in many countries due to serious cardiovascular risks. However, its illegal adulteration in herbal weight-loss products remains a public health concern. This study aimed to develop a simple, sensitive, and reliable electrochemical method for the determination of sibutramine in herbal weight-loss products using a silver-nanoparticle-electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode. Experimental approach: Graphene oxide, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide, silver nanoparticles and AgNPs-ErGO nanocomposite were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The AgNPs-ErGO-modified glassy carbon electrode was fabricated and used for sibutramine detection by linear sweep voltammetry. Experimental parameters affecting the analytical signal were optimized. The method was validated according to AOAC guidelines and compared with an HPLC-DAD reference method. Key results: The AgNPs-ErGO/GCE exhibited improved electrochemical response toward sibutramine compared with bare and other modified electrodes. The developed method showed good selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity for sibutramine determination. Application to commercial herbal weight-loss samples demonstrated the suitability of the proposed method for real sample analysis, with results comparable to those obtained by HPLC-DAD. Conclusion: The AgNPs-ErGO/ /GCE-based electrochemical method provides a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable approach for detecting sibutramine adulteration in herbal weight-loss products. This work contributes to the development of practical analytical tools for quality control and consumer safety monitoring.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: AgNPs–ErGO nanocomposite
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrochemical sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: Sibutramine detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Linear sweep voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: One-step electrochemical synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbal product adulteration
  topic: keywords
creator: Nguyen Dang Thuy Anh
creator: Vo Thi Cam Le
creator: Huynh Van Chung
creator: Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan
creator: Hoang Thi Minh Nguyet
creator: Pham Thi Thanh Ha
creator: Ha Thuy Trang
creator: Le Hoang Hao
creator: Dao Thi Cam Minh
creator: Nguyen Hai Phong
creator: Dinh Quang Khieu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nguyen Dang Thuy Anh, Vo Thi Cam Le, Huynh Van Chung, Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan, Hoang Thi Minh Nguyet, Pham Thi Thanh Ha, Ha Thuy Trang, Le Hoang Hao, Dao Thi Cam Minh, Nguyen Hai Phong, Dinh Quang Khieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-05
publication date: 2026-07-05
doi: 10.5599/admet.3433

Mechanisms of action of the hexane extract of Hypericum brasiliense and its component uliginosin B against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Microbial resistance is a major global health concern. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is particularly relevant due to its clinical significance, virulence and adaptability. In the search for novel antimicrobial agents, natural products emerged as important sources of bioactive molecules. Previous studies have identified Hypericum brasiliense as a plant with promising antibacterial properties. Experimental approach: We evaluated the susceptibility, mechanisms of action and toxicity of H. brasiliense hexane extract (heHb) and the isolated compounds uliginosin B (uliB), isouliginosin B and japonicin A against reference and drug-resistant S. aureus isolates. Key results: The heHb and uliB demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, exhibiting MICs of 3.125 to 6.25 µg mL-1 and MBCs of 6.25 to 12.5 µg mL-1. Isouliginosin B displayed moderate activity (MIC = 12.5 µg mL-1; MBC ≤50 µg mL-1), whereas japonicin A was inactive. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed pronounced ultrastructural alterations in bacterial cells following exposure to either heHb or uliB, and these exposures induced oxidative stress without compromising plasma membrane integrity. Conversely, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine partially restored bacterial growth. Docking analysis suggested that uliB might act as a competitive substrate for the NADH-2 enzyme and cytochrome bd oxidase. Moreover, heHb and uliB inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted mature biofilms. Cytotoxicity assays (Vero and HaCaT lineages) showed CC₅₀ >90 µg mL-1, and haemolysis occurred only at the highest concentrations. In vivo assessment using Galleria mellonella confirmed low toxicity. ADMET predictions indicated a favourable pharmacokinetic profile for uliB. Conclusion: UliB is likely a key bioactive compound of H. brasiliense, with promising therapeutic potential against S. aureus.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Natural products
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: bacterial infections
  topic: keywords
subject: biofilm
  topic: keywords
subject: toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Galleria mellonella
  topic: keywords
creator: Julia Chaves Scaffo
creator: Sofia Trindade Mussi da Silva
creator: Vitor Won-Held Rabelo
creator: Leandro Stefano Sangenito
creator: Lucas da Silva Abreu
creator: Thaís P. Mello
creator: Leandro Rocha
creator: André Luis Souza dos Santos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Chaves Scaffo, Sofia Trindade Mussi da Silva, Vitor Won-Held Rabelo, Leandro Stefano Sangenito, Lucas da Silva Abreu, Thaís P. Mello, Leandro Rocha, André Luis Souza dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
doi: 10.5599/admet.3333

Cholinesterases inhibition profiles with Ugi-derived peptide­mimetics: A combined experimental and computational study
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are crucial enzymes implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. Developing selective inhibitors for either enzyme is one of the key therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate a novel series of peptidomimetics for their ability to inhibit both human AChE and BChE, with a focus on identifying compounds exhibiting joint inhibitory activity or selectivity for BChE. Experimental approach: Eleven peptidomimetics were synthesized using the Ugi four-component reaction. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays were performed to determine the dissociation constants (Ki) for both human AChE (hAChE) and human BChE (hBChE). Principal component analysis was employed to analyse the inhibition data and map compound selectivity. To investigate the molecular interactions between the peptidomimetics and the BChE active site, quantum-chemical docking simulations were conducted. Key results: All synthesized compounds exhibited reversible, micromolar inhibition of both hAChE and hBChE. Two compounds demonstrated significant BChE selectivity, with 279- and 169-fold higher preference for BChE, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed distinct clusters correlating with preferential binding to either enzyme. Docking simulations supported these findings, highlighting key stabilizing interactions (primarily π-π stacking) between the peptidomimetics and BChE, explaining superior selective and joint inhibitory activity. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the successful synthesis and characterization of novel peptidomimetics with varying degrees of hAChE and hBChE inhibition, including compounds with notable BChE selectivity. The combination of experimental data and computational modelling provides valuable insights into the structural basis of enzyme inhibition and establishes a foundation for rational design of more potent and selective cholinesteras…
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: α-acylaminoacetamides
  topic: keywords
subject: butyrylcholinesterase inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: predictive models of activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics
  topic: keywords
creator: Alma Ramić
creator: Toni Divjak
creator: Lucija Hadrović
creator: Matej Pavlinić
creator: Ana Matošević
creator: Anita Bosak
creator: Jakov Borovec
creator: Bruna Bakota
creator: Tomica Hrenar
creator: Ines Primožič
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alma Ramić, Toni Divjak, Lucija Hadrović, Matej Pavlinić, Ana Matošević, Anita Bosak, Jakov Borovec, Bruna Bakota, Tomica Hrenar, Ines Primožič https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
doi: 10.5599/admet.3292

Engineering affibody-based biosensing platforms for cancer biomarker detection
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases and has the highest mortality rate worldwide. Delayed cancer diagnosis remains a major challenge in cancer treatment. Currently, conventional diagnostic methods still have several limitations, resulting in many cancer cases being detected only at advanced stages. Experimental approach: This review was conducted as a literature study of research on the development of affibody-based biosensors for cancer biomarker detection. The review discusses the characteristics of affibodies as bioreceptors, affibody synthesis methods, and their applications in electro­chemical and optical biosensors. Key results: Various studies have shown that affibody-based biosensors exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for detecting cancer biomarkers such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein. The integration of affibodies into biosensor platforms enables low detection limits, wide linear ranges and good analytical performance in biological samples. Conclusion: Affibody-based biosensors show great potential as platforms for cancer diagnosis. The use of affibodies as bioreceptors offers several advan­tages over antibodies and aptamers, particularly ease of synthesis, high stability and strong binding affinity.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Electrochemical biosensor
  topic: keywords
subject: optical biosensor
  topic: keywords
subject: diagnostic
  topic: keywords
creator: Zhafira Fauziah
creator: Robeth Viktoria Manurung
creator: Yuspian Nur
creator: Dika Apriliana Wulandari
creator: Salma Nur Zakiyyah
creator: Irkham Irkham
creator: Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zhafira Fauziah, Robeth Viktoria Manurung, Yuspian Nur, Dika Apriliana Wulandari, Salma Nur Zakiyyah, Irkham Irkham, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
doi: 10.5599/admet.3363

Design, synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-piperazine derivatives targeting mycobacterial dihydrofolate reductase
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Tuberculosis (TB), a serious global health concern, continues to contribute to the global health burden, underscoring the urgent need to discover potent antitubercular agents. In the present study, a series of novel 5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-piperazine derivatives were synthesized, and their potential for anti-tubercular activity was assessed. Experimental approach: The antitubercular potential of the synthesized compounds was assessed using the microplate alamar blue assay (MABA). Cytotoxicity studies were carried out on RAW 264.7 macrophages. To assess the mode of action of the synthesized compounds, docking analysis of the active compounds was performed on two key enzymes of Mycobacterium, decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2′-epimerase and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dihydro­folate reductase (Mtb-DHFR). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations were performed to validate the stability of the ligand–protein complexes and the electronic properties of the lead compounds. Key results: The results revealed promising anti-tubercular activity for the synthesized compounds. Among these, compounds 2-((5,6-Diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)thio)--1-(4-(4-fluoro­benzoyl)pi­perazin-1-yl)ethan-1-one (FP3) and 2-((5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)thio)-1-(4-(4-methylbe­nzoyl) piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-one (FP8) exhibited potent activity with an minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.6 µg mL⁻¹, along with promising cytotoxicity profiles against RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Docking studies revealed potent docking scores compared to the standard, thereby confirming the involvement of the DHFR enzyme. Interaction analysis revealed stable hydrogen-bond interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions with the active-site residues of the DHFR enzyme. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation validated the stability of the interactions and the structural integrity of the complexes, while density functional theory calcu…
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Antitubercular
  topic: keywords
subject: density function theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Mtb-DHFR inhibitor
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular dynamic simulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Uday Thakkar
creator: Moksh Shah
creator: Pratik Khona
creator: Harnisha Patel
creator: Mange Ram Yadav
creator: Salman Patel
creator: Chanchal Singh
creator: Renuka Bhamre
creator: Afzal Nagani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Uday Thakkar, Moksh Shah, Pratik Khona, Harnisha Patel, Mange Ram Yadav, Salman Patel, Chanchal Singh, Renuka Bhamre, Afzal Nagani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-08
publication date: 2026-06-08
doi: 10.5599/admet.3322

Synthesis and characterization of bimetallic nanocomplex: Application for electrochemical determination of idarubicin as anti-cancer drug
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Cancer chemotherapy with antineoplastic drugs destroys cancer cells through complete cell death or stops cell development while protecting healthy cells from damage. Monitoring anticancer therapeutics in blood and tissues is important for determining their fate. Experimental approach: A novel binuclear complex with the formula [Cu(opd)2(H2O)(μ-SCN)Ni(opd)(SCN)3] (opd = o-phe­nylenediamine) was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The solvothermal method was used to create a nanoscale version of the binuclear complex. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the nanocomplex. The solvothermal approach produced a nanocomplex with an average size of around 56 nm. The complex was tested for its antimicrobial properties on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, a screen-printed graphite electrode modified by a synthetic nanocomplex (Cu-Ni/SPGE) was presented as an improved electrochemical sensor for the detection of idarubicin (IRN). Key results: This sensor has a linear dynamic range from 0.01 to 3.0 μM and an impressive limit of detection of 0.003 μM under ideal testing circumstances. Conclusion: The researchers used a Cu-Ni/SPGE system to perform electrochemical measurements on IRN. The Cu-Ni/SPGE outperformed the untreated SPGE in terms of IRN oxidation. The antibacterial activity of the complex was also studied.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Scanning electron microscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: solvothermal process
  topic: keywords
subject: antibacterial behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: screen-printed graphite electrode
  topic: keywords
creator: Thekrayat J Joodi Jassim
creator: Raheem Kubaish Barid
creator: Haider Dakhal Hamza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Thekrayat J Joodi Jassim, Raheem Kubaish Barid, Haider Dakhal Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
doi: 10.5599/admet.3342

Assessing oxime reactivation efficacy using principal component analysis: Insights from nerve agents inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The toxicity of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) and related nerve agents (NAs) impairs the cholinergic system via irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by phosphylation of the catalytic serine. Reactivation of the enzyme activity largely depends on the structural compatibility between the enzyme, an oxime reactivator, and the specific OP compound. Experi­mental approach: For this study, we used our recently published data on the reactivation of human butyryl­choli­nesterase inhibited by the NAs sarin, cyclosarin, tabun and VX, using a library of 115 oximes. We compared these results with oximes’ ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) parameters relevant to central nervous system activity using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA facilitated the examination of these relatively large datasets by increasing interpretability while minimizing information loss. Key results: Three components with eigenvalues above 1 resulted in 72 % of the cumulative proportion of variance and described 27 variables. PC1 created transformed data that had negative values for most oximes with high reactivation potential, while showing large positive values for oximes with moderate and low efficacy. Distribution of 27 loadings, representing 27 variables, produced a set of 9 positive and 18 negative loadings representing negative and positive data correlation. The efficacy of oxime reactivation was highly correlated with the parameters describing its structure: molecular weight, rotational bonds, molecular volume, and molecular surface area. Conclusion: A large dataset was efficiently analysed by maximizing the preservation of variability and generating new, uncorrelated variables. To our knowledge, this study is the first to apply PCA to assess oxime’s reactivation efficacy, thus providing insights into the relationships between oxime properties and their efficacy in restoring OP-inhibited cholinesterase activity.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Cholinesterase
  topic: keywords
subject: organophosphate
  topic: keywords
subject: ADME
  topic: keywords
subject: asoxime (HI-6)
  topic: keywords
subject: pralidoxime (2-PAM)
  topic: keywords
subject: pesticide
  topic: keywords
creator: Goran Šinko
creator: Tena Čadež
creator: Zrinka Kovarik
creator: Nikolina Maček Hrvat
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Goran Šinko, Tena Čadež, Zrinka Kovarik, Nikolina Maček Hrvat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
doi: 10.5599/admet.3361

Prediction of bile salt export pump inhibition using biomimetic chromatographic descriptors: Integrating membrane affinity and protein binding
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition is a key mechanistic driver of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury, yet current prediction approaches rely mainly on in vitro potency and calculated physicochemical descriptors that do not adequately reflect local exposure at the canalicular membrane. This study aimed to evaluate whether biomimetic chromatographic descriptors could improve predictions of BSEP inhibition by incorporating mechanistically relevant information on membrane affinity and protein binding. Experimental approach: A dataset of 62 structurally diverse compounds with reported BSEP inhibition data was compiled and modelled using multiple linear regression. Biomimetic descriptors derived from immobilized artificial membrane chromatography and human serum albumin affinity (log kHSA) were compared against conventional descriptors such as lipophilicity and molecular weight. Model performance was assessed using internal and external validation, graphical diagnostics, Y-randomization, and applicability domain analysis. Key results: Models based on biomimetic descriptors demonstrated superior, more balanced predictive performance than conventional physicochemical models, with greater robustness and external predictivity. The combination of membrane-affinity and protein-binding descriptors provided a more accurate representation of the determinants governing BSEP interactions. Conclusion: Biomimetic chromatographic descriptors provide an experimentally grounded approximation of membrane-proximal exposure, a key determinant of BSEP interactions that conventional descriptors do not capture. This approach extends beyond traditional quantitative structure-activity relationship by incorporating distribution-relevant properties into predictive modelling and offers a simple, interpretable framework to support early identification of transporter-mediated toxicity risk in drug discovery.
subject: Modelling and simulation
  topic: section
subject: Hepatotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: canalicular transport
  topic: keywords
subject: predictive modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: drug distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: transporter inhibition
  topic: keywords
creator: Chrysanthos Stergiopoulos
creator: Klara Valko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chrysanthos Stergiopoulos, Klara Valko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
doi: 10.5599/admet.3303

Structure-activity relationship of captopril derivatives as New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase 1 inhibitors
type: item
description: Background and purpose New Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is a zinc-dependent enzyme that confers resistance to several antibiotics; therefore, there is an urgent requirement for effective inhibitors. Captopril has been exploited as a scaffold in the design of NDM-1 inhibitors; however, a comparative evaluation of these derivatives from structure activity relationship perspective has not been conducted. This review aimed to evaluate captopril-derived NDM-1 inhibitors and to identify possible structure-activity relationships that govern their NDM-1 inhibitory action. Experimental approach: The literature was searched in a structured manner using scholarly databases to locate original studies that reported captopril derivatives and evaluated them in vitro against NDM-1 with the explicit reporting of the inhibitory concen­tration values (IC50). Eligible studies were filtered using predefined criteria and analysed using a qualitative approach, because heterogeneity in assay conditions and experimental methods prevented a direct quantitative comparison across studies. Important findings: The activity of captopril derivatives depends on the free thiol group (masking it reduces activity), with stereochemistry governing optimal binding orientation within the NDM-1 active site, hydrophobic substitutions enhance activity only within steric limits, and the carboxylate motif serves as a secondary anchoring feature. Conclusion: Captopril emerges as a promising scaffold for NDM-1 inhibitors and reveals significant structural features associated with NDM-1 inhibitors. Despite limited in vivo data and heterogeneity in assay conditions, the findings provide a rational framework for optimizing captopril-inspired NDM-1 inhibitors.
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Zinc binding group
  topic: keywords
subject: fluorinated analogues
  topic: keywords
subject: stereochemical effects
  topic: keywords
subject: pyrrolidine ring
  topic: keywords
subject: mercaptopropionamide
  topic: keywords
creator: Ikhlas Jarrar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ikhlas Jarrar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
doi: 10.5599/admet.3304

Synthesis of NiO nanostructures as electrode materials for the voltammetric determination of epinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Epinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is an important chemical mediator in the central nervous system of mammals. Experimental approach: The hydrothermally synthesized NiO nano­structures were used for the modification of a screen-printed electrode, and they were characterized and used in this work for the voltammetric determination of epinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen. Several electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of NiO-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, including cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Key results: The differential pulse voltammetry peak current of epinephrine was linear with concentration in the range from 0.01 to 400.0 μmol L-1, and the limit of detection was 0.005 μM with a sensitivity of 0.1167 μA L μmol-1. The findings indicated that the current signals for epinephrine were significantly amplified, a result attributed to the superior catalytic performance of the NiO nanostructures. Furthermore, the oxidation peaks for epinephrine and acetaminophen were distinctly separated, with potential differences of approximately 360 mV and 545 mV, respectively. Conclusion: Furthermore, the NiO modified screen-printed carbon electrode was successfully applied to quantify epinephrine and acetamino­phen in both urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations. The results indicated satisfactory recovery rates for the target analytes. Consequently, this electrode is suitable for the analysis of both compounds in pharmaceutical and clinical laboratory settings.
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Voltammetric measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: screen-printed electrode
  topic: keywords
subject: disposable sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: real sample analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mais A. Mohammed
creator: Shemaa A. Soud
creator: Reem Adham Al-Bayati
creator: Shimaa B. Al-Baghdadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mais A. Mohammed, Shemaa A. Soud, Reem Adham Al-Bayati, Shimaa B. Al-Baghdadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
doi: 10.5599/admet.3201

A high-performance voltammetric sensor based on Co/Ni-metal-organic framework modified electrode for the determination of dopamine in the presence of tyrosine
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The central nervous, renal, hormonal, and cardiovascular systems depend on dopamine. Therefore, a straightforward, sensitive, and selective method for detecting DA is needed to track DA levels in the human body. Experimental approach: Co/Ni-metal-organic framework was developed via a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis. The electrochemical sensor developed for dopamine measurement used Co/Ni-metal-organic framework materials on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The Co/Ni-metal-organic framework on a screen-printed carbon electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for dopamine oxidation, owing to its high electron-transfer rate. Key results: The electrocatalytic activity of Co/Ni-metal-organic framework on a screen-printed carbon electrode significantly improves dopamine oxidation, yielding higher peak currents and lower oxidation potentials than the bare screen-printed carbon electrode. The sensor detected dopamine with a linear response, ranging from 0.01 to 660.0 µmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 0.007 µmol L-1. To measure tyrosine and dopamine simultaneously, differential pulse voltammetry was used. The separation between tyrosine and dopamine reached 150 mV. Conclusion: Successful target-analyte identification using the proposed voltammetric sensor was achieved, detecting both dopamine and tyrosine in actual sample tests.
subject: Pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
  topic: section
subject: Disposable sensor
  topic: keywords
subject: differential pulse voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: screen printed electrode
  topic: keywords
subject: chronoamperometry
  topic: keywords
subject: clic voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: real sample analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Dhurgham Hani Kadhim Alalwan
creator: Saja Haider Fadhil
creator: Muntaha Mahmood Abed
creator: Noor Kareem Aead
creator: Hussein Ali Qabel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dhurgham Hani Kadhim Alalwan, Saja Haider Fadhil, Muntaha Mahmood Abed, Noor Kareem Aead, Hussein Ali Qabel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-07
publication date: 2026-05-07
doi: 10.5599/admet.3246

Neuroprotective cellular and molecular mechanisms of physical exercise on neurodegenerative diseases
type: item
description: Background: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease are characterized by a progressive loss of neuronal function and loss of synaptic capacity. Physical exercise (PE) is one of the non-clinical techniques for the management of brain health and neurodegeneration. Mechanisms: PE enhances the body's metabolic functions through cellular and molecular changes. It trades off metabolic functions, energy expenditure, and signalling processes to ensure physiological homeostasis and defence against disease. Exercise produces cascades, at the molecular level, including neurotrophic signalling, similar to those generated by drugs. It increases the levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These elements favour the growth of new neurons, vascular enlargement, and synaptic plasticity. PE also induces microglial cells to attain a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory phenotype, reduces detrimental cytokines, promotes cellular clearance through autophagy, restores neurotransmitter homogenisation, and induces hippocampal cell formation. Collectively, it acts as a powerful modulator of health and brain activity. Implications: The aggregate processes enhance neuronal vulnerability to harm, aid cognitive functioning, and ensure the stability of neural networks. Conclusion: PE is an exciting additive therapy for preventing and treating various neurodegenerative disorders by orchestrating a diverse array of cellular and molecular responses.
subject: Pharmacology
  topic: section
subject: Physical exercise
  topic: keywords
subject: neuroprotective
  topic: keywords
subject: neurogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: neuronal survival
  topic: keywords
subject: neuroendocrine regulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Saswati Swagatika Sahoo
creator: Pratap Kumar Sahu
creator: Nishigandha Sa
creator: Anindita Behera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saswati Swagatika Sahoo, Pratap Kumar Sahu, Nishigandha Sa, Anindita Behera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-11
publication date: 2026-03-11
doi: 10.5599/admet.3058

Linking biomimetic binding measurements to pharmacokinetic models of volume of distribution and hepatic clearance
type: item
description: Background and purpose: The steady-state volume of distribution reflects the extent to which drugs partition between plasma and tissues and is closely related to the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient. In pharmacokinetics, different modelling frameworks have led to ongoing debate regarding the role of plasma protein binding and the importance of unbound drug exposure in determining both distribution and clearance. This review aims to clarify the relationship between distribution and elimination models and to assess how experimental binding measurements can support their mechanistic interpretation. Experimental approach: Established pharmacokinetic relationships linking volume of distribution (Vd), clearance and half-life were analysed alongside biomimetic chromatographic measurements of drug binding to human serum albumin and phospholipid membranes using immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography. Literature data for marketed drugs were evaluated to examine how these experimental descriptors relate to distribution and clearance behaviour. Key results: The analysis shows that distribution and clearance models describe complementary aspects of drug disposition rather than contradictory processes. Tissue binding, as reflected by phospholipid affinity measured by IAM chromatography, plays a dominant role in determining Vd, while plasma protein binding influences both distribution and clearance through its effect on the fraction of drug unbound in plasma. The apparent paradox of plasma protein binding arises because changes in unbound fraction affect both processes simultaneously. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that biomimetic binding measurements provide a mechanistically meaningful bridge between physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic behaviour. By integrating experimental binding data with pharmacokinetic models, the study advances understanding of how distribution and clearance are linked, supporting more informed decision-making in early dr…
subject: Medicinal chemistry
  topic: section
subject: Non-specific binding
  topic: keywords
subject: pharmacokinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: tissue binding
  topic: keywords
subject: plasma protein binding
  topic: keywords
subject: biomimetic chromatography
  topic: keywords
creator: Klara Livia Valko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Klara Livia Valko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
doi: 10.5599/admet.3311

Mortality prediction with adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer: Machine learning-integrated explainable artificial intelligence and Bayesian model results
type: item
description: Background and purpose: Tamoxifen is a cornerstone of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer, yet significant inter-individual variability in treatment response and mortality exists. Identifying robust predictors of outcomes remains a critical need. This study integrated machine learning, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and Bayesian modelling to predict mortality and identify key prognostic factors in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. Experimental approach: We analysed data from 568 patients from the International Tamoxifen Pharmacogenomics Consortium database. The outcome was all-cause mortality, with predictors including age, race, menopausal status, tumour size, estrogen receptor status, radiation treatment, and CYP2D6 metabolizer status. Four algorithms, logistic regression, random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and support vector machine, were developed and validated. Model performance was assessed using accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis provided interpretability for the XGBoost model, and Bayesian logistic regression with weakly informative priors was employed for probabilistic inference. Key results: The overall mortality rate was 19.4 %. XGBoost demonstrated the highest discriminative ability (AUC 0.833; 95 % confidence interval: 0.725 to 0.941), while random forest exhibited superior sensitivity for identifying deceased patients (83.3 %). SHAP analysis revealed that white race, increased age, absence of radiation treatment, larger tumour size and the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer (PM/PM) genotype were associated with elevated mortality risk, whereas the extensive metabolizer (EM/EM) genotype was protective. Significant variability was observed in exploratory subgroup analyses, with the model achieving excellent discrimination in patients without radiation treatment (AUC 0.901) and those with the EM/PM genotype (AUC 0.956) but fail…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Selective estrogen receptor modulator
  topic: keywords
subject: personalized medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: extreme gradient boosting
  topic: keywords
subject: hormonal therapy
  topic: keywords
creator: Kannan Sridharan
creator: Gowri Sivaramakrishnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kannan Sridharan, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-29
publication date: 2026-04-29
doi: 10.5599/admet.3321

https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/admet/article/view/3238
type: item
title: Potential of extracellular vesicles from human Wharton’s jelly and golden berries (Physalis peruviana) combined with polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/fibroin hydrogel for wound healing: In vitro approaches on 1BR3 cell line
description: Background and purpose: The development of biocompatible delivery systems capable of enhancing wound healing remains a major challenge in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels represent promising wound dressings due to their ability to maintain a moist microenvironment, absorb exudates, and enable controlled release of bioactive agents. Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have emerged as a novel, non-toxic, and cross-kingdom therapeutic modality. Experimental approach: In this study, we investigated PVA/chitosan/fibroin-based hydrogels as a delivery platform for PDENs isolated from Physalis peruviana (PENC), with human Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hWJ-MSC-Exo) used as a biological comparator. Key results: PENC and hWJ-MSC-Exo were isolated and characterized in terms of size, morphology, and protein content. Composite hydrogels containing chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and fibroin (4% and 10%) were fabricated via freeze–thawing and characterized for hydrophilicity, swelling behavior, water content, biodegradability, and protein release profiles. The biological performance of hydrogel-released media incorporating PDENs or hWJ-MSC-Exo was evaluated in vitro using human dermal fibroblast 1BR3 cells through cytotoxicity, proliferation, and scratch migration assays. The fabricated hydrogels exhibited hydrophilic surfaces (contact angle <90°), high swelling capacity (>100%), low water content, and gradual biodegradation over 10 days. Protein release peaked on day 3, indicating favorable release kinetics for bioactive delivery. All hydrogel formulations demonstrated good biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 75%. Notably, hydrogels loaded with PENC significantly promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration, with performance comparable to or exceeding that of hWJ-MSC-Exo-loaded hydrogels, particularly in fibroin-containing formulations. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of Physal…
subject: Pharmaceutics
  topic: section
subject: Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: mesenchymal stem cell
  topic: keywords
subject: drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: controlled release
  topic: keywords
subject: fibroblast proliferation
  topic: keywords
creator: Afrida Rizky Nurfajrin
creator: Indra Wibowo
creator: Anggraini Barlian
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Afrida Rizky Nurfajrin, Indra Wibowo, Anggraini Barlian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
doi: 10.5599/admet.3238