Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering
Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering (ISSN 1847-9286) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal devoted to the rapid dissemination of new and original scientific results in all areas of electrochemical science, engineering, technology and material engineering.
International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)
Advances and challenges of SnO2-based anodes for electrochemical wastewater treatment
SnO2-based anodes have been widely used in heterogeneous catalytic processes, particularly in the anodic oxidation of wastewater containing recalcitrant organic materials. This review covers the application of SnO2-based anodes for the treatment of various wastewater sources, including phenols, dyes, landfills, and petroleum refinery wastewater, via direct anodic oxidation. The key operating parameters affecting anodic oxidation are summarized, the oxidation process mechanisms are elucidated, and typical methods for preparing these electrodes are described. This comprehensive review demonstrates that SnO2-based anodes can efficiently degrade organic pollutants in wastewater and confirms their high oxidation capacity and dimensional stability. Despite these excellent properties, the performance and durability can be further enhanced via novel doping strategies, innovative fabrication methods, and hybrid material designs, such as combining SnO2 nanotubes with TiO2 nanotubes. These emerging approaches provide pathways for the scalable and energy-efficient deployment of SnO2-based anodes in industrial wastewater treatment and sustainable operation applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghaidaa A. Ismael, Ali H. Abbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical detection of gliclazide and glibenclamide on metal organic framework/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite modified screen printed electrode
This study presents a novel SPE modification using a Zn-Ni-based 1,4-benzene­dicarbon­xylate (BDC) metal-organic framework (MOF)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite (Zn-Ni-BDC MOF/MWCNTs nanocomposite) for the detection of gliclazide and glibenclamide. Several methods, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry, were used to characterize the modified electrode (MOF/MWCNT/SPE). On the modified electrode surface, the electrochemical characteristics of gliclazide were investigated. The MOF/MWCNT/SPE sensor's ability to electrochemically detect gliclazide and glibenclamide in aqueous solution was shown to be greatly enhanced. The improved sensor's electrocatalytic properties were further utilized to detect gliclazide using DPV. The sensor effectively resolved the overlap in the corresponding voltammetric responses and displayed two well-resolved voltammetric peaks for the two targets. According to DPV, the peak currents from gliclazide increased linearly at concentrations between 0.75 and 500 mM. Gliclazide showed a detection limit of 0.12 mM, according to the modified electrode. The provided approach was also effective in identifying two analytes in urine samples and medications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shatha Abd Aljabbar Ismael, Hasan Ali Alsailawi, Mohamed Ahmad, Mustafa Mudhafar, Hussein Ali Al-Bahari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using modified screen-printed electrode
In this study, the Zn-based zeolitic imidazole framework-L (ZIF-L)/graphene oxide (ZIF-L(Zn)/GO) nanocomposite was prepared and used for ciprofloxacin detection. To detect ciprofloxacin (CFN), the nanocomposite was used to alter the screen-printed electrode' surface (ZIF-L(Zn)/GO/SPE). With a low limit of detection of 0.01 μM, good sensitivity of 0.1493 μA μM-1, and a linear dependence between the current response and CFN concentration over the range of 0.05 to 300.0 μM, the sensor exhibited electro­catalytic behaviour toward CFN in phosphate buffer solution. Additionally, by identifying CFN in actual samples, the manufactured sensor's usefulness was shown.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Ali M. Jawad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal spray coatings in batteries, electrolyzers and solid oxide electrochemical systems
Energy systems based on electrochemically active materials frequently suffer from poor performance and limited lifetimes due to interfacial problems that can be mitigated by micro- to nanoscale structuring with thermal spray coatings (TSC). This review synthesizes existing knowledge and develops a process-structure-property framework that uniquely links TSC process parameters to the coating microstructure and interfacial chemistry across different electrochemical systems, with a focus on innovative cross-system design principles. This review covers various TSC technologies (atmospheric plasma spray, suspension plasma spray, high-velocity oxy-fuel, and cold spray) with reference to their ability to control porosity and phase distribution. These process parameters affect ion or electron conduction, interfacial resistance, and mechanical stability. The issues of transport limitations caused by porosity, inter-splat bonding, and non-equilibrium phase transformations were studied. Functionally graded interfaces, adaptive coating systems, and machine learning-based process development are innovative approaches investi­gated to achieve defect-tolerant functional interfaces. This study offers guidelines for designing next-generation TSC that are more durable, scalable, and exhibit better electro­chemical properties, thereby improving the performance and lifespan of electrochemical energy systems. The battery, proton exchange membrane, alkaline fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cell/solid oxide electrolysis cell systems were analysed with respect to one another to establish general process-structure-property relationships for electrochemical interfaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amrinder Mehta, Hitesh Vasudev, Jashanpreet Singh, Gurbhej Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Highly sensitive voltammetric nanosensor based on Cu2O nanocubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode for determination of 4-aminophenol
X-ray diffraction was used in this work to analyse the Cu2O nanocubes prepared via one-pot wet-chemical method. Next, 4-aminophenol (4-AP) was determined using a Cu2O nanocube-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (Cu2O/SPCE). Chronoampero­metry, differen­tial pulse voltammetry, and cyclic voltammetry were used to assess the electrochemical characteristics of 4-AP at the Cu2O/SPCE sensor. As the redox peak currents increased, the results showed that the Cu2O/SPCE exhibited strong electrocatalytic activity for 4-AP. With a limit of detection of 0.008 μM, the oxidation peak current under the chosen cir­cum­stances was proportional to the 4-AP in the range of 0.02 to 500.0 μM. With positive outcomes, the suggested approach was used to ascertain the 4-AP content of actual samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahawnd Hamid Njam, Dalil M. H. Alher, Ahmed M. J. Jehan Yin, Dhuha Rahi Kashash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tadalafil electrooxidation on gold and MWCNT-based nanocomposites modified carbon paste electrodes: comparative study and analytical application
The electrochemical behaviour of tadalafil (TAD) was investigated using a solid gold electrode and carbon paste electrodes (CPE) modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) or their nanocomposites with noble metal particles (Ag-MWCNT and Au-MWCNT). Cyclic voltammetric study revealed that the oxidation of TAD is irreversible and that adsorption plays a significant role in the oxidation mechanism. Among the investigated electrodes, the Au-MWCNT/CPE exhibited the best electroanalytical performance and was used to develop a sensitive and reliable square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for TAD determination in Britton-Robinson buffer solution as supporting electrolyte. The optimal pH was 4.0, with target analyte accumulation being most pronounced at Eacc = 0.6 V and tacc = 10 s. Linearity was obtained in the TAD concentration range of 0.10 to 1.96 µg mL-1, with calculated limit of detection of 0.03 µg mL-1. The constructed sensor showed excellent repeatability and reproducibility, as well as anti-interference ability, making it highly suitable for analytical applications, such as the quantification of TAD in the pharmaceutical formulation Cialis® and in human blood serum sample.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasmina Anojčić, Sanja Mutić, Sanja Stevanović, Nebojša D. Nikolić, Dušan Mijin, Slobodan Petrović, Zoltán Kónya, Milka Avramov Ivić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic-organic nanomaterial for use as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl
The study of corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in HCl is crucial for enhancing the service life of industrial infrastructure, especially in environments prone to rapid deterioration and high maintenance costs. In this work, a zinc acetate-omeprazole nanomaterial (ZO) was prepared and its corrosion inhibition performance on mild steel deterioration in 0.5 M HCl solution was investigated using electrochemical techniques. The particles of the nano­material (with sizes ranging from 2.70 to 6.37 nm) predominantly exhibited a spherical to near-spherical morphology, with relatively smooth, well-defined edges. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of particles (Z-average diameter) of 59.79 nm indicates that the particles are primarily in the nanoscale range. The X-ray diffraction pattern of ZO revealed distinct diffraction peaks superimposed on a broad background, indicating the coexistence of crystalline and amorphous phases. A decrease in corrosion current density from 1781 µA cm-2 in the uninhibited medium to 1315 µA cm-2 upon the introduction of 0.1 g L-1 of ZO was observed. A progressive decline in corrosion current density was observed as inhibitor concentration increased. The shifts in corrosion potential were relatively small, suggesting that the inhibitor exhibits a mixed-type inhibition mechanism rather than a purely anodic or cathodic one. The charge transfer resistance increased from 210.21 Ω cm² in the absence of ZO to 230 Ω cm² in its presence (0.1 g L-1). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that the highest inhibition efficiency achieved in this study was 77.6 % at 0.4 g L-1 ZO concentration. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration. These findings indicate that the synthesized nanomaterial effectively mitigates corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M HCl solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Msenhemba Moses Mchihi, Isioma Scholastic Odiachi, Adeola Praise Adeoti, Williams Jesse Adamu, Audu Ogbe Daniel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical deposition of thin bifunctional Co-P films and investigation of their electrocatalytic and corrosion properties in the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction
At present, the rapid growth of the global economy, together with the accelerated depletion of fossil fuel resources, has led to growing concerns about the availability and sustainability of energy. Therefore, renewable energy sources such as solar, hydrogen, and wind energy are of critical importance. Compared with other hydrogen production methods, water electrolysis offers several advantages, including sustainability, low cost, high efficiency, and the absence of harmful atmospheric emissions. In recent decades, water electrolysis as a hydrogen production technology has been extensively investigated. The development of new, efficient, and cost-effective electr­ocatalysts for water electrolysis remains a crucial challenge. Cobalt-phosphorus thin films are promising candidates for replacing expensive noble-metal-based electrocatalysts. In the present work, bifunctional Co-P thin films were synthesized via a one-step electrodeposition method from an acidic electrolyte. The as-deposited films were amorphous; however, after annealing, two ortho­rhombic phases, Co₂P and CoP, were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The prepared films were characterized using X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of the coatings were investigated before and after annealing in both neutral (0.5 M Na₂SO₄) and alkaline (1 M KOH) media for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. In addition, the corrosion behaviour of the Co-P thin films was examined, and it was established that the amorphous, non-annealed films exhibited superior corrosion resistance in alkaline media.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aygun Oruj Zeynalova, Akif Shikhan Aliyev , Ruhangiz Gurmuz Guseynova, Ulviyya Magsud Gurbanova, Natavan Sharafaddin Soltanova , Samir Bahram Safarov, Shafag Shamsaddin Bayramova, Telli Islam Hamzayeva, Dunya Mahammad Babanly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NiFe₂O₄/(S,N)-doped graphene oxide composite as efficient electrochemical sensor for determination of sibutramine in dietary supplements
A novel electrochemical sensor based on a NiFe₂O₄/(S,N)-doped graphene oxide compo­site (NiF/GrO(S,N)) was developed to detect sibutramine (SBT). The composite material was successfully synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/ /desorption isotherms, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Results confirmed the forma­tion of a nanocrystalline NiFe₂O₄ structure uniformly dispersed on S,N-doped graphene sheets, providing a high surface area and numerous active sites. The NiF/GrO(S,N)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) showed improved electrocatalytic activity toward SBT oxidation. Under optimized conditions, differential pulse voltammetry revealed two linear ranges from 0.5 to 8.9 µM and 8.9 to 19.6 µM, with a detection limit of 0.37 µM. The sensor also demonstrated good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, along with effective anti-interference capabilities against common inorganic and organic substances. The practical applicability of the proposed sensor was successfully demonstrated by determining SBT in seven commercial dietary supplement samples. The obtained recoveries ranged from 96.38 to 104.83 %, and the results showed no statistically significant difference compared with those obtained using the standard HPLC method. These results suggest that the NiF/GrO(S,N)/GCE sensor is a promising platform for the rapid and reliable detection of SBT in real samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan, Le Thi Thanh Nhi, Nguyen Quang Man, Vo Thi Khanh Ly, Le Thi Hong Phong, Nguyen Hai Phong, Pham Khac Lieu, Le Lam Son, Dinh Quang Khieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rapid single-molecule detection of Salmonella DNA based on an electrode surface-based polymerase chain reaction technique
There is a current need for rapid, selective and sensitive specific detection of Salmonella in food matrices. We demonstrate a technique for rapid single-molecule detection of Salmonella DNA based on an electrode surface-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based sensing of 48-base target single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (CP014358.1 GenBank), chicken-juice matrix under 20 minutes. This is based on the covalent attachment of a probe ssDNA to pseudo-graphite. This sensor can be used in two different modes, without and with PCR, for lower limits of detection (LOD). The pseudo-graphite electrode is prepared for ssDNA attachment through the functionalization of its surface with carboxylate groups, which form amide linkages with amine-modified ssDNA. Without PCR, the probe-modified electrode is immersed in a sample complementary target matrix for 10 minutes, removed, and then placed into a solution of the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) intercalator, cobalt(III) tris-phenanthroline. Detection of dsDNA formation between the probe and target sequences is achieved via the SWV of the surface-bound cobalt complex. The LOD of this method is 2.0 aM for the target within 12 minutes. Lower LOD’s are obtained by conducting PCR on the electrode surface. The on-electrode (oE) PCR process uses a 20-base primer attached to the pseudo-graphite. A chicken-juice sample matrix containing target ssDNA (48 bases of Salmonella typhimurium) was directly added to a PCR master mix with a reverse primer, placed in a standard PCR vial, and thermocycled 5 times. The electrode with surface-bound dsDNA was subjected to the cobalt(III) tris-phenanthroline protocol with a LOD of 35 zM. This is one DNA molecule within 17 minutes in a complex chicken-juice matrix.
Copyright (c) 2026 Micheal Okeke, Dipak Koirala, Mathar Bashir, Glen Soderquist, I. Francis Cheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrocatalytic performance and structural characterization of NiFe phosphosulphide supported on MXene/Ni foam for hydro­gen evolution reaction in alkaline and simulated alkaline seawater
Efficient and durable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline and seawater media are essential to advance green hydrogen production. In this study, a phosphorus and sulphur dual-anionic doping approach was utilized to synthesise bimetallic nickel-iron phosphosulphide (NiFePS) on Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene-modified nickel foam (MXene/NF) via hydrothermal growth and phosphosulphidation. Structural analysis of the NiFePS/MXene/NF using field emission scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of well-developed interconnected flower-like archi­tectures uniformly distributed across the MXene/NF substrate. Electrochemical properties of the material were analysed using linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The NiFePS/MXene/NF electrocatalyst required overpotentials of 103 and 164 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² in 1 M KOH and 1 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl, respectively, lower than those of the undoped NiFe/MXene/NF (228 and 223 mV). NiFePS/MXene/NF also exhibited lower Tafel slopes (223 and 166 mV dec⁻¹) compared to NiFe/MXene/NF (375 and 227 mV dec⁻¹) in the respective electrolytes, along with reduced charge transfer resistance (0.64 vs. 2.45 Ω in 1 M KOH; 1.17 Ω vs. 1.29 Ω in 1 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl). The electrocatalyst also maintained stable operation at 100 mA cm⁻² for 24 hours in both media. These findings show that phosphorus and sulphur co-doping offers a promising strategy to developing high-performance NiFe-based HER catalysts for both alkaline and simulated seawater electrolysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Quratul Ainni Muhammad Esham, Nurul Atiqah Izzati Md Ishak, Suhaila Mohd Sauid, Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar, Saidur Rahman, Siti Kartom Kamarudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recent developments in electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials for dopamine detection: a brief overview
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that regulates mood, memory, endorphin production, etc. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that is extensively distributed throughout the central nervous system. High dopamine levels signify cardiotoxicity, which causes hypertension, heart failure and fast heartbeats. Conversely, reduced dopamine levels in the central nervous system have been connected with a number of neurological conditions, including depression, stress, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of sensitive, selective, and trustworthy dopamine detection techniques is crucial for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Electrochemical biosensors have become a promising platform in analytical techniques because of their high sensitivity, rapid response time, low cost, and suitability for miniaturization. There have been significant advances in the development of electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterial platforms for detecting dopamine over the past several years. Researchers have used advanced functional nanomaterials, including carbon nanostructures, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, conducting polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers and hybrid nanocomposites to enhance the electron transfer rate, improve the selectivity of responses and reduce detection limits on their biosensors. The most recent developments in electrochemical dopamine sensors from 2022 to 2025 are thoroughly reviewed in this paper, with a focus on nanomaterials and electrode engineering. Additionally, current issues are emphasized, such as sensor stability, repeatability and interference from coexisting biomolecules. Finally, future perspectives toward wearable devices, point-of-care diagnostics, and sustainable sensor materials are outlined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neeta Amitkumar Ukirade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modified carbon paste electrode as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for quantification of chemotherapy drug imatinib
The preferred tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treating gastrointestinal stromal tumours and chronic myeloid leukaemia is imatinib (IMT). Nevertheless, IMT has disadvantages, including resistance to the medication and notable variations in pharmacokinetics among patients. To address this problem, an analytical procedure for IMT determination was developed that incorporated MnMoO4@multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a carbon paste electrode (CPE) matrix to create an electrochemical sensing platform, MnMoO4@MWCNT/CPE. A hydrothermal technique was used to synthesize MnMoO4@MWCNT. Under carefully adjusted conditions, electrochemical characterization using differential pulse voltammetry showed a concentration interval with a linear response for IMT between 0.01 and 120.0 µM. In addition to a significant sensitivity of 0.3508 μA μM-1, quantitative analysis yielded detection ad quantification limits of 3 and 7 nM. The developed electrochemical probe demonstrated outstanding analytical performance, high stability, and repeatability when used to quantify IMT in pharmaceutical product samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhay S. Naji, Ahmed Hameed AlSaeedi, Emad salaam abood, Karrar M. Obaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical performance evaluation of ZnCo2O4 nanoflakes for hybrid supercapacitors
This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of zinc cobaltite (ZnCo2O4) as an electrode material for supercapacitor (SC) applications. ZnCo2O4 was synthesized via an efficient sol-gel method, followed by annealing. Morphological and structural character­ri­za­tions revealed that ZnCo2O4 forms as nanoflakes with a well-crystallized structure. Electro­chemical parameters of ZnCo2O4 were examined by various electrochemical techniques in a 3 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance (Csp) of 321 F g-1 was obtained at a current density of 0.8 A g-1. The electrochemical performance of the ZnCo2O4 electrode is superior, owing to its porous nanoflake morphology, which provides numerous active sites and enables substantial charge storage. Moreover, multiple oxidation states of Zn and Co enhance redox reactions at the electrode surface, thereby improving the electrode's pseudocapa­citance. The superior electrochemical performance of ZnCo2O4 indicates that it is a promising cathode material for hybrid SC devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deependra Jhankal, Bhanu Yadav , Preeti Shakya , Mohammed Saquib Khan, Krishna Kumar Jhankal, Kanupriya Sachdev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrocoagulation as an effective all-in-one wastewater treatment: a critical review
Electrocoagulation has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of wastewater from a wide range of sources. Interest in this technology has grown due to its several advantages, including a small footprint, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. In contrast, conventional wastewater treatment methods that rely primarily on biological processes often exhibit limited removal of emerging contaminants, highlighting the need for more efficient and versatile treatment alternatives. This review article provides an in-depth discussion of the application of electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment, with a specific focus on its performance in real wastewater matrices across industrial, municipal, and agricultural case studies, including evidence from case studies demonstrating its use on a large scale. It examines key factors that influence process performance and presents the governing equations that determine the technology's efficiency and applicability. A key contribution of this review is the integrated analysis of reactor design, operational parameters, and emerging hybrid electrocoagulation (EC) systems, such as EC coupled with advanced oxidation processes (EC-AOP) and membrane processes (EC-membrane), highlighting recent technological advancements that improve treatment efficiency while reducing energy consumption. The review also addresses techno-economic considerations and synthesizes findings from life-cycle assessment studies, revealing critical trade-offs between environmental benefits, such as reduced eutrophication potential, and limitations including increased ecotoxicity. Finally, the article identifies key research gaps and highlights the potential of replacing fossil fuel-based energy inputs with renewable energy sources as well as the importance of electrode optimization and sludge valorisation strategies to improve the overall sustainability and scalability of electrocoagulation systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kiran Tota-Maharaj, Nasrin Rastinifard, Aya Gallab, Usman M. Ismail, Chedly Tizaoui, Hazem Gouda, Upaka Rathnayake, Abraham Negaresh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synergistic heterogeneous electro-Fenton process using iron-loaded bentonite for binary dyes degradation from wastewater
This study examines the impact of operational parameters on the performance of a heterogeneous electro-Fenton process for removing a binary mixture of malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) using iron-loaded bentonite clay (Fe-Bent.) particles as a heterogeneous catalyst. The effects of current density (j), Fe-Bent.* dosage (Bent. quantity variable) and Fe*-Bent. dosage (iron concentration variable), were investigated. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy were used to extensively evaluate the synthesized catalyst, confirm­ing the effective incorporation and uniform distribution of iron within the bentonite clay. The results showed that increase of j enhanced dye removal efficiency to over 95 % for MG and 90 % for MB at 20 mA cm-². Furthermore, increasing the dose of Fe-Bent.* from 1 to 3 g improved the overall removal efficiency, although this was accompanied by a decrease in adsorption capacity and a deviation from ideal kinetic behaviour at higher loadings. Fe*-Bent. dosage with a variable iron concentration from (0.1 to 0.2 mM) exhibited the highest removal efficiency, while increasing to 0.3 mM resulted in decreased process performance. The comparison results showed that the electro-Fenton process alone achieved limited removal, whereas bentonite adsorption alone provided high but incomplete removal. In contrast, the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process achieved the highest efficiency (98.06 % for MG and 91.14 % for MB, with COD values of 84.53 % for MG and 79.82 % for MB), with the lowest iron leaching (<0.1 ppm), well below regulatory limits. These results demonstrate the clear advantage of the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process for efficient and environmentally friendly removal of mixed dye pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hind H. Thwaini, Zahraa M. Hameed, Rasha H. Salman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carboxylate-controlled electron transfer in Bacillus clausii J1G-0%B halophilic microbial fuel cells
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide a cohesive approach to treating hypersaline wastewater and generating renewable energy. This research assessed the efficacy of halophilic Bacillus clausii J1G-0%B supplemented with acetate, lactate, or citrate at doses of 10, 30 and 50 mM. The half-cell investigation included cyclic voltammetry, diagnostics of the rate-determining step, electron transfer rate constant (kₛ), pH profiles, and ammonia buildup. Comprehensive cell testing, including assessments of output voltage, peak power density, and biofilm mass, was also performed. In comparison to the control, all carbon sources enhanced the electrochemical response by 184.56 to 378.23 %, due to bacterial-electrode electron transfer, diffusion-limited kinetics, and the involvement of cytochromes a₃, b, c and/or c₁ in B. clausii. The MFC system generated an average voltage ranging from 33.64 to 77.87 mV and achieved a maximum power density between 19.19±3.11 and 58.16±3.54 mW m-². Within the tested range, the highest acetate concentration (50 mM) produced the largest electrochemical response, yielding kₛ of 1.888±0.002 s⁻¹, an average voltage of 486.94 mV, and a power density of 58.16±3.54 mW m-². The results demonstrate that targeted carboxylate supplementation significantly improves electron transport and energy recovery in high-salinity microbial fuel cells, underscoring its viability for waste cleanup and energy generation during energy shortages and environmental contamination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcelinus Christwardana, Aprilia Budiarti, Mukhammad Asy'ari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electroless cobalt coating of BNi-2 powders: process development and characterization
Electroless cobalt deposition and examination of how cobalt enrichment on the particle surface modifies the chemical composition and thermal behaviour of the commercial BNi-2 brazing alloy powder was investigated in this study. A multi-step surface preparation sequence involving oxide removal, Sn-based sensitization, and Pd activation was employed prior to cobalt deposition in an alkaline CoSO₄-NaH₂PO₂ bath. A design of experiments approach was used to evaluate the influence of plating temperature, cobalt sulphate concentration, hypophosphite concentration, and coating time on cobalt uptake. ICP-OES analyses showed that cobalt incorporation increased from 1.1 to 7.0 wt.% across the selected parameter range. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that coating levels up to 7 wt.% Co elevate the solidus temperature, while decreasing the liquidus temperature, resulting in a narrower melting interval. Thermodynamic simulations confirmed these trends, showing suppression of borides and enhanced γ/γ′ stability where γ denotes the Ni-rich face-cantered cubic matrix phase and γ′ represents the ordered Ni₃(Al,Ti)-type strengthening phase with increasing cobalt content. EDS mapping of coated powder showed continuous cobalt distribution at the particle perimeter. Overall, the results provided a quantitative basis for linking coating parameters to cobalt incorporation and corresponding modifications in melting behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tansu Göynük, İshak Karakaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photocatalytic, electrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of the reactive dye Turquoise Tiafix R2G using LaFeO3 perovskite
In this study, the photocatalytic, electrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic performance of lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO₃) toward the degradation of the dye Turquoise Tiafix R2G was investigated. LaFeO₃ was synthesized via a sol-gel route and characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption (BET) and SEM, confirming its perovskite structure. Photolysis experiments indicated that the dye is highly photostable under the irradiation conditions employed. In photocatalysis, different LaFeO₃ loadings (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 g L⁻¹) were tested under a 100 W halogen lamp, with 0.3 g L⁻¹ providing the highest removal, although the process remained limited by electron-hole recombination. In heterogeneous electro-oxidation with LaFeO₃ in suspension, current densities of 10, 15 and 20 mA cm⁻² were applied; 15 mA cm⁻² afforded the best compromise between activity and stability, significantly increasing the dye oxidation rate. The simultaneous application of irradiation and current in the photoelectrocatalytic process led to the highest efficiency, achieving approximately 95% degradation within 60 min. These results demonstrate a clear synergistic effect between photocatalytic reactive oxygen species generation in the LaFeO₃ suspension and electrochemical oxidant generation at the anode, resulting in a more effective oxidative environment. Thus, the optimized photoelectro­catalytic condition (0.3 g L⁻¹ LaFeO₃ and 15 mA cm⁻²) is a promising strategy for the treatment of effluents containing industrial dyes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonh Yago Erikson Santos, Rebeca E. S. Barros, Katlin I. B. Eguiluz, Patrícia M. Pimentel, Rosane M. P. B. Oliveira, Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ultrasound-assisted alkaline water electrolysis in a membrane-separated H-type cell: a device-scale benchmark under galvanostatic operation
Reported benefits of ultrasound in alkaline water electrolysis remain difficult to compare because apparent gains can be influenced by thermal drift, inconsistent energy-accounting boundaries, and differences in reactor geometry. Here, we provide a conservative benchmark of ultrasound-assisted alkaline water electrolysis in a small, membrane-separated H-type cell operated galvanostatically in 2.0 M NaOH at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 A. Silent electrolysis, low-amplitude ultrasound, and high-amplitude ultrasound were compared over a unified 300 s window while maintaining the catholyte near the hydrogen-evolving electrode at 32-34 °C. Under these tightly controlled conditions, ultrasound produced small but consistent device-internal effects: collected H₂ output increased by about 1 %, purity-corrected Faradaic efficiency remained essentially unchanged at around 66 %, and the average cell voltage decreased by approximately 0.09 to 0.29 V, corresponding to a 1.6 to 2.1 % reduction in specific electrical energy consumption on an electrolyzer-electrical basis. These results are most consistent with relief of bubble-related and near-electrode transport losses, rather than the emergence of a new reaction pathway or a large change in intrinsic reaction kinetics. At 1.0 A, varying ultrasonic amplitude further indicated a practical operating window in which moderate ultrasound minimized electrolyzer-electrical SEC, whereas higher amplitude maximized instantaneous hydrogen throughput but caused visible graphite-anode degradation in the present geometry. The present results, therefore, do not establish a full-system energy benefit; instead, they provide a conservative, device-internal benchmark for assessing when, and to what extent, ultrasound may remain useful under rigorously controlled conditions. Future studies should extend this framework to reduced-gap cells, advanced electrodes, and full system-level accounting that explicitly includes acoustic power and balance-of-plant loads.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zeng ChenHongWen, Teoh Yew Heng, Heoy Geok How, Mohamad Yusof Idroas, Thanh Danh Le https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bismuth molybdate nanostructure modified carbon paste electrode for voltammetric sensing of levodopa in the presence of acetaminophen
In the present work, a voltammetric sensor for levodopa (L-DOPA) was fabricated based on Bi2MoO6 nanostructure-modified carbon paste electrodes (Bi2MoO6/CPE). Bi2MoO6 nanostructures were synthesized via the solvothermal procedure and characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern. The Bi₂MoO₆/CPE exhibited an enhanced current response for L-DOPA, which we attribute to the good electrocatalytic activity of the Bi2MoO6 nanostructures. Furthermore, the Bi2MoO6/CPE sensor was applied to determine L-DOPA in the presence of acetaminophen (ACT). The anodic peaks for L-DOPA and ACT were well-resolved in their mixture, enabling their simultaneous determination. The voltammetric measurements at pH 7.0 revealed distinct anodic peaks for the two analytes, located at approximately 350 mV (L-DOPA) and 530 mV (ACT). Using differential pulse voltammetry, a linear correlation was observed between the oxidation peak current and L-DOPA concentration over the range 0.02 to 590.0 μM. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.009 μM. The practical applicability of the Bi2MoO6/CPE sensor was successfully demonstrated through the assay of L-DOPA and ACT in real samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Amir H. Kadhum , Ahmed J. Allami, Hajir M. Ali, Huda Hadi Nameh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Silver-doped TiO2 nanotube array nanosensor for gallic acid detection: active surface and electrochemical enhancement
The development of electrochemical methods for the detection of phenolic compounds is a highly active area of research, motivated by their simplicity, efficiency and versatility of application. This work presents the synthesis and characterization of an electrochemical nanosensor for the detection of gallic acid, a phenolic compound of nutraceutical and analytical relevance. The nanosensor is based on a titanium electrode superficially modified with a titanium oxide nanotube array doped with silver (Ag-TNA). It was synthesized via electrochemical anodization and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties and gallic acid sensing capability were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results confirmed the obtention of an electrode surface composed mainly of titanium oxide in the anatase phase with the presence of oxygen vacancies. Metallic silver was found incorporated in interstitial form, while the ionic silver state is present superficially. The presence of silver promotes crystallinity and active surface area of the electrode. The Ag-TNA nanosensor displays two oxidation peaks in response to gallic acid; the first peak, registered at 1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl, was used for the detection method developed in a linear range of 565 to 4663 µM (R2= 0.997). Key analytical parameters were calculated, obtaining a sensitivity of 118 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻², limit of detection of 13.2 μM, limit of quantification of 43.9 μM, and relative standard deviation of 3.4 and 4.5 % in repeatability and reproducibility tests, respectively. The sensor exhibited selectivity toward glucose and ascorbic acid, common interferents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaira Mora-Mora, Ma. Guadalupe Garnica-Romo, Héctor Eduardo Martínez-Flores, Juan José Alvarado-Gil, Leandro García-González https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Fe-based metal organic framework/MWCNTs for modification of glassy carbon electrode: application in the efficient stripping voltammetric determination of Pb(II) ions
In the present work, a composite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Fe-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOFs) has been prepared and utilized to construct modified glassy carbon electrodes (MGCE) by the drop-casting method. The MWCNTs/Fe-MOF-MGCE was used as a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for detecting Pb(II) ions. It has been found that modifying the GCE surface with MWCNTs/Fe-MOF significantly increased the Pb(II) stripping peak current. The effect of different parameters and conditions, such as pH of the supporting electrolyte solution, accumulation time and accumulation potential on the designed sensor's response, were evaluated. Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry is used for the sensitive determination of Pb(II). Under optimal conditions, a linear dependence was observed between the anodic peak current of Pb(II) and its concentration in the range of 0.4 to 240.0 ng mL-1. The limit of detection of the MWCNTs/Fe-MOF/MGCE was determined to be 0.1 ng mL-1 for Pb(II) determination. Finally, the designed method was successfully used to determine Pb(II) ions in water samples, with high recoveries and low relative standard deviations, showing its applicability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rouaa A Muften, Mayada Hadi Al-qassi, Raed Muslim Muhibes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of MWCNTs/Uio-66(Zr)-NH₂ MOF modified electrode for anodic stripping determination of Cu(II) in water samples
In this research, a procedure was developed for the detection of Cu(II) ions in water using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a nanocomposite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MWCNTs/Uio-66(Zr)-NH₂ MOF/GCE). The analysis was performed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The excellent sensitivity of the created sensor (MWCNTs/Uio-66(Zr)-NH₂ MOF/GCE) for Cu(II) determi­nation is attributed to the synergy between the strong chelating ability of the terminal amino groups (-NH₂) on the Uio-66 (Zr)-NH₂ MOF for metal ions and the extensive surface area provided by the MWCNTs. The key parameters influencing the stripping current res­ponse of Cu(II), namely, pH, accumulation potential, and accumulation time, were syste­ma­tically studied and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the stripping peak current of Cu(II) ions exhibited a linear relationship with concentration over the range of 0.001 to 10.0 μM. The limit of detection for Cu(II) ions was calculated to be 0.0005 μM. Finally, the MWCNTs/Uio-66 (Zr)-NH₂ MOF/GCE sensor was employed to determine Cu(II) ions in real water specimens, yielding acceptable recovery rates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mais A. Mohammed, Mustafa Abdul-Sattar Ibrahem Al-Hamid, Dalia M. Jamil, Shaimaa B. Al-Baghdadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Graphene oxide/NiO nanocomposite-modified carbon paste electrode for the simultaneous detection of carmoisine and tartrazine as two azo dyes in food samples
A carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified with a graphene oxide (GO)/NiO nanocomposite (GO/NiO/CPE) and used as the working electrode for the voltammetric analysis of carmoisine. In the oxidation of carmoisine, the GO/NiO/CPE showed increased electrocatalytic activity. With a detection limit of 0.1 μM under ideal conditions, the oxidation peak currents of carmoisine were linearly proportional to its concentration over the range 0.3 to 500.0 μM. Additionally, the GO/NiO/CPE showed good efficacy in detecting carmoisine even in the presence of tartrazine, suggesting that both chemicals might be determined simultaneously. The GO/NiO/CPE was appropriate for the simultaneous detection of carmoisine and tartrazine using differential pulse voltammetry because the oxidation peak potentials of the two azo dyes were adequately separated by 420 mV.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fares A. Yasseen, Ali Obaid Imarah, Rasha Faris Hadi, Huda Hadi Nameh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenolic-rich plum peel extract–mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of Pb(II)
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were successfully synthesized using plum peel (Prunus salicina) extract as a green reducing and stabilizing agent, offering an environmentally benign approach to nanomaterial preparation. Optimization showed that a precursor-to-extract volume ratio of 7:3 with 80 mL maceration solvent yielded the most stable colloid, evidenced by a surface plasmon resonance peak at 534.9 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that phenolic -OH and aromatic C=O/C=C functional groups played a key role in Au(III) reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed predominantly spherical AuNPs with an average size of 13.16±4.9 nm, while a zeta potential of -33.4 ± 0.2 mV confirmed colloidal stability. The optimized AuNPs were drop-casted onto pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) to fabricate a low-cost electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) detection. The modified electrode exhibited a 50.7% enhancement in the Pb(II) peak current compared to bare PGE. Differential pulse voltammetry showed linearity over 25 to 200 ppb (R² = 0.9921), a sensitivity of 0.0172 µA ppb⁻¹, and a limit of detection of 18.95 ppb, below the Indonesian regulatory limit for surface waters. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping confirmed uniform AuNPs distribution, sup­porting improved electron-transfer behaviour. Overall, this work highlights the potential of fruit-peel-derived AuNPs for a portable and sustainable detector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yohanes Susanto Ridwan, Muhammad Fajar Arzena Nurhadi, Santhy Wyantuti, Rafa Radithya Swara, Athanasia Amanda Septevani , Fitri Khoerunnisa , Irkham, Yeni Wahyuni Hartati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Next-generation electrochemical sensors and biosensors for paracetamol detection: emerging trends and future perspectives
Paracetamol (PCT), a widely used drug, is increasingly present in environmental and pharma­ceutical samples, raising the need for monitoring and control. Electrochemical sensors (ES) and electrochemical biosensors (EBS) have proven to be promising analytical methods for PCT detection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of ES and EBS for PCT detection, highlighting advances in electrode modification strategies, signal amplification approaches and biological recognition elements. The reported limits of detection range from the picomolar level (≈10 pM in immunosensors) to the micromolar range, varying with material design and recognition element. Carbon-based and metal/metal oxide materials enhance sensitivity through improved electron transfer and catalytic activity. Enzymatic and antibody-based sensors provide higher selectivity. The drawbacks of enzymatic and non-enzy­matic biosensors are low long-term stability, enzyme degradation, lack of interference testing in different sample matrices and lack of standardized protocols. Antibody- and DNA-based electrochemical platforms for PCT are under-analysed fields compared to nanoma­terial-driven approaches. This review also identifies current challenges, the need for stan­dar­dised protocols and key drawbacks of ES and EBS systems. Future perspectives for the deve­lopment of hybrid, portable, miniaturized, and real-time monitoring systems are further outlined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santhanalakshmi Nagendran, Jih-Hsing Chang, Mohanraj Kumar, Prakash Natrajan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative study of 2D perovskite cathodes: impact of organic cation variation on electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries
In this study, two organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, butylammonium copper chloride (BACC) and methylammonium copper chloride (MACC), were synthesized and evaluated as feasible active cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Both compounds were structurally and morphologically characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy, revealing high crystalline structures and well-defined morphologies consistent with long-range order and unique features of conversion materials. The electrochemical performance of synthesized compounds as cathodes was assessed through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. Butylammonium copper chloride, with formula (C4H12N)2CuCl4, exhibited a remarkable specific discharge capacity of 200 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 with capacity retention close to 65 %. Meanwhile, methylammonium copper chloride (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 delivered a specific capacity of 160 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1, maintaining 90.2 % capacity retention. Post-cycling XRD analysis was carried out on the cathodes after 100 cycles of operation at 50 mA g-1, providing evidence of structural changes during battery operation. These structural transformations account for the gradual capacity fading observed during prolonged cycling and demonstrate that a Coulombic efficiency close to 100 % does not necessarily imply structural reversibility. Overall, the results indicate that BACC and MACC should be regarded as model systems for fundamental studies of copper electrochemical chemistry in halogenated hybrid perovskites, rather than as competitive cathode materials for practical lithium-ion battery applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfredo Romero-Contreras, Nora Aleyda García-Gomez, Eduardo Sanchez Cervantes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Validation of a low-cost carbon screen-printed electrode platform: a statistical approach
Electrochemical sensors have gained increasing attention for their high selectivity and sensitivity. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are particularly attractive as low-cost, disposable, and scalable platforms that enable miniaturized electrochemical cells and field-deployable measurements. Here, we report a low-cost and easily fabricated carbon paste -SPE platform consisting of a 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene body filled with carbon paste (graphite/mineral oil, 70:30) and a silver-ink pseudo-reference electrode. The device was evaluated using potassium ferricyanide (5.0 mmol L-1 in 0.5 mol L-1 KCl) as a redox probe. The ipa/ipc ratio was close to unity, while the peak-to-peak separa­tion (ΔEp≈949 mV) indicated kinetic/ohmic contributions typical of composite carbon-based printed electrodes. A linear relationship between the corrected anodic peak current (iap) and the square root of the scan rate (v1/2) yielded an electroactive area of 0.485 cm², substantially larger than the geometric area, consistent with surface heterogeneity/porosity. Statistical validation by ANOVA confirmed good repeatability and reproducibility (p > 0.05, 95 % confidence). Overall, the proposed CP-SPE provides a robust and reproducible low-cost platform with strong potential for voltammetric sensing applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliene Morais de Faria, Thomaz Henrique da Cunha Reis, Larissa Silva de Azevedo, Caio Henrique Pinke Rodrigues, Aline Thaís Bruni, Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scaling-ion removal from high-salinity produced water via sono-electrocoagulation: interplay of floc microstructure and electrochemical surface activity
Produced water from oil fields contains complex dissolved organic and inorganic species, including Ca²⁺, HCO₃⁻, and CO₃²⁻, which induce CaCO₃ scaling and hinder waterflooding operations. This study investigated the performance of electrocoagulation (EC) and ultrasonic-assisted electrocoagulation (sono-EC) for treating native produced water from Indonesian oil fields, focusing on scaling ion removal, floc structural characteristics, and hydrogen evolution. Experiments were conducted at pH 5, 7 and 9 using Al-SS316 electrodes under constant current conditions, with intermittent sonication applied to enhance Al³⁺ release and suppress electrode passivation. The results demonstrated that pH 7 provides optimal conditions for the formation of stable amorphous Al(OH)₃ flocs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a porous lamellar morphology that promotes ion adsorption and co-precipitation, resulting in the highest removal efficiencies of Ca²⁺, HCO₃⁻ and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Sonication further enhanced process performance by inducing cavitation-driven micro-mixing, accelerating floc growth, and increasing hydrogen evolution. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda analyses confirmed pro­nounced pH-dependent differences in floc porosity and surface characteristics, which mechanistically explained variations in ion capture behaviour. Overall, the sono-EC operated at neutral pH offers an effective strategy to mitigate scaling potential, while hydrogen evolution is used as an electrochemical indicator of cathodic surface activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reno Pratiwi, Kartika Fajarwati Hartono, Maman Djumantara, Dina Asmaul Chusniyah, Wiwik Dahani, Tiur Elysabeth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0