Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering
Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering (ISSN 1847-9286) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal devoted to the rapid dissemination of new and original scientific results in all areas of electrochemical science, engineering, technology and material engineering.
International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)
Ultrasound-enhanced water electrolysis for hydrogen production: Mechanisms, metrology and energy metrics
Ultrasound intensifies hydrogen production in water electrolysis cells by thinning boun­dary layers, accelerating bubble detachment, and, in tuned windows, modulating cavi­tation chemistry, yet cross-study claims remain difficult to compare. Focusing on ultra­sound-enhanced water electrolysis (sono-electrolysis), this review aligns reporting with IEC 61161 (radiation-force acoustic power) and IEC 62127-2:2025 (hydrophone calibra­tion); requires delivered acoustic intensity at the electrode, Idel / W·cm⁻², with stated trace­ability; pairs isothermal control with uncertainty budgets; and benchmarks perfor­mance using Δ-metrics: Δj (current-density gain at fixed cell voltage), Δη (cell voltage/over­po­tential reduction at fixed current density) and ΔH₂ (hydrogen production rate gain at matched electrical input), together with specific energy consumption (SEC, kWh·kg⁻¹ H₂). A window-based synthesis indicates that, under isothermal operation, 20 to 40 kHz with delivered intensity ≈0.2 to 1.0 W·cm⁻² reproducibly yields Δj ≈ 15 to 30 %, Δη ≈ 40 to 120 mV, ΔH₂ ≈ 10 to 30 %, and net SEC improvements of ~8 to 12 % when auxiliary loads are included, whereas at higher dose (Idel ≈ 1.0 to 1.6 W·cm⁻²) non-uniform fields, cloud shielding, and heating can saturate or reverse benefits. To prevent metric conflation, hybrid sono-hydrogen routes are reviewed separately. The review concludes by proposing a minimum reporting set-frequency, waveform/duty and pulse repetition frequency, Idel (traceability/uncertainty), geometry/stand-off, electrolyte and dissolved gas, bulk tempe­rature and runtime, gas metrology with temperature/pressure cor­rections, SEC boun­daries and replicates/statistics, and by outlining priorities for operando cavitation-electro­chemistry co-registration, geometry/void-fraction-aware scale-up, and durability under combined fields, to support reproducible, energy-accounted, and comparable studies across laboratories.
Copyright (c) 2026 ChenHongWen Zeng, Yew Heng Teoh , Heoy Geok How, Mohamad Yusof Idroas, Thanh Danh Le https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical sensing of atenolol using silver-reduced graphene oxide carbon paste nanocomposite electrode
Atenolol, one of the most prescribed β₁-selective adrenergic blockers, has been increasingly detected in aquatic ecosystems due to incomplete elimination in sewage treatment plants, posing an ecotoxicological hazard to the environment. Here, an electrochemical sensor based on silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide composite carbon paste electrode (rGO@Ag-CPE) was designed for the ultrasensitive electroanalytical determination of atenolol in real-world samples. The morphology and chemical composition of rGO@Ag-CPE were investigated by trans­mission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses, while the electro­chemical properties were evaluated by cyclic and square wave voltammetry techniques. The rGO@Ag-CPE demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic performance toward Atenolol oxidation, attributed to the unique properties of reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles, which provide high conductivity and efficient electrocatalysis, thereby helping to prevent unwanted Atenolol degradation. Under optimized electrochemical sensing conditions, the rGO@Ag-CPE sensor exhibited a linear dynamic range of 20-859 μM (R² = 0.9953), a low detection limit of 2.9 μM, and good reproducibility (relative standard deviation < 4.0 %). A validation study on real-world samples showed good atenolol recovery of 88.8-102% in natural waters and 97-99.2 % in pharmaceutical tablets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nevila Broli, Sadik Cenolli, Loreta Vallja, Majlinda Vasjaei, Ana Ameda, Lueda Kulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Progress in eco-friendly aerospace coatings: the future beyond chromates
Aluminium alloys have a good strength-to-weight ratio and low density, but they are not impervious to corrosion. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their corrosion performance in the atmospheric environment. Paints are typically used to prevent corrosion on aluminium alloys. A conversion or anodized layer, an inhibitor/metal-doped primer, and a polyurethane topcoat are used as 3-layer coatings for aluminium alloy corrosion protection in the aerospace industry. However, major modi­fications have been made to the protection of aluminium alloys against corrosion as a result of environmental issues. REACH, a European regulation, has significantly altered some finishing procedures for aluminium alloys by prohibiting or restricting the use of Cr(VI)-based compounds, such as chromate conversion, chromic acid anodizing, and chromate sealing. Searching for alternatives to Cr has yielded intriguing results. For many years, sol-gel-based hybrid coatings have been a promising alternative to pretreatment and primer layers, with promising results. This review discusses the current development and advancement in chrome-free corrosion-resistant layer coating systems for aluminium alloys.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhavana Rikhari, Kudur Jayaprakash, P. Amaravathy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmentally benign synthesis of CuO impregnated activated carbon nanocomposite for prompt bifunctional water splitting applications
The global pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has intensified the exploration of efficient and eco-friendly methods for hydrogen production, particularly through the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from renewable energy sources. Our research focuses on combining bio-waste-derived activated carbon nanomaterials with green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO@AC) to create efficient electrode materials for enhancing HER and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The surface features of the compo­site material indicate a nanoarchitectonics of rubble morphology, and multiple intense peaks provide evidence for the successful fabrication of each expected crystalline phase, reflecting the overall composition and structural integrity of the nanomaterials. Findings also make known that CuO nanoparticles combined with activated carbon exhibit high efficiency for both HER and OER activities. It required an overpotential of 137 mV at 10 mA cm-2 current density and a Tafel slope of 94 mV dec-1 to drive the HER, while an overpotential of 194 mV was required to achieve a 10 mA cm-2 current density and a Tafel slope of 67.9 mV dec-1 for the OER catalysis process. This work aims to enhance our understanding of the interactions between activated carbon and metal oxides, highlighting the potential of tailored electrocatalytic materials for sustainable energy conversion and contributing to net-zero emission targets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tika Bhandari, Rama Kafle, Prakash Ban, Jyoti Ghorsine, Debendra Acharya, Dasu Ram Paudel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ferrocenium tetrachloromagnesate modified MWCNTs electrode for detection of bismuth(III) at the trace level in polluted aqueous solutions
This study presents the fabrication of a ferrocenium tetrachloromagnesate (FTM) modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) electrode for the voltammetric determination of bismuth ions (Bi3+) in aquatic environments. The FTM was synthesized from the reaction of mag­nesium chloride with ferrocene. The incorporation of FTM, a redox-active species, was shown to markedly improve electron transfer kinetics and overall electrochemical conductivity. Structural and morphological characterizations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful embedding of FTM within the electrode matrix. Electrochemical assessments using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impe­dance spectro­scopy, and chronocoulometry revealed that a 10 wt.% FTM loading provided the most optimal charge transfer and interfacial behaviour. Differential pulse stripping voltammetry further demonstrated the high sensitivity of the developed electrode, achieving an ultralow detection limit of 0.543 nM with two broad linear ranges of 1.0 nM to 0.1 and 1.0 µM to 0.1 mM for Bi3+. The sensor also exhibited remarkable reproducibility (RSD 8.67 %) and stability (RSD 7.77 %). Furthermore, excellent selectivity toward Bi3+ was maintained in the presence of potentially interfering ions such as Mn2+, La3+, Ni2+, Li+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Er2+ and Pb2+. Real water-sample analyses yielded recoveries of 89 to 104 %, confirming the practical feasibility of the electrode for environmental monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahadian Zainul, Alwi Nofriandi, Norhayati Hashim, Mohamad Idris Saidin, Mohamad Syahrizal Ahmad, Siti Nur Akmar Mohd Yazid, Sharifah Norain Mohd Sharif, Wan Rusmawati Wan Mahamod, Illyas Md Isa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth of a W/TiN-bilayer coating: an alternative to diffusion barrier keeping the hard coating condition of the system
An evaluation of the improvement provided by a W thin film, when incorporated into a TiN bilayer coating system on 304 stainless steel, is reported after determining its electrochemical behaviour and mechanical properties. The TiN-bilayer and W/TiN-bilayer coatings were prepared by balanced magnetron sputtering. Coating structure, morphology, interphase, and chemical composition were determined by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties were determined by the nanoindentation technique. The electrochemical behavior was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using 6 wt.% NaCl solution as electrolyte. The electrochemical results showed an increase in overall corrosion resistance (Rp) when the W thin film is incorporated into the TiN-bilayer coating system. The Rp for the initial measurement is 187.6 and 347.9 kΩ cm2 for the TiN-bilayer coating system and W/TiN-bilayer coating system, respectively. The results obtained from the EIS study over time indicate that the Rp after 7 weeks of immersion are 53.2 and 119.8 kΩ cm2 for the TiN-bilayer coating system and W/TiN-bilayer coating system, respectively. Nanoindentation hardness measurements showed a slight difference between the two coating systems. The TiN-bilayer hardness showed a value of approximately 24 GPa, while the W/TiN-bilayer hardness showed a value of approximately 22 GPa. Considering other beneficial properties associated with W, the results showed that a W/TiN-bilayer coating system can be used as an alternative hard and protective coating system on steel substrates to mitigate corrosion damage.
Magnetron Sputtering; Tungsten thin film; nodular defects; diffusion barrier}
Copyright (c) 2026 Amilkar Fragiel, Francisco Solis-Pomar, Abel Fundora, Bernardo Campillo, José María Malo-Tamayo, Ana María Campos-Chinchilla, Aly Castellanos-Suárez, Mercedes Teresita Oropeza-Guzmán, Eduardo Perez-Tijerina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a modified electrode using magnesium ferrite/activated carbon from coffee shell for determination of paracetamol
This study aimed to develop a simple and effective electrochemical sensor for detecting para­ce­tamol (PAR) in pharmaceutical tablets. The goal was to synthesize and utilize a novel nano­com­posite of magnesium ferrite, MgFe2O4, and activated carbon derived from coffee shells (MF/AC) as a high-performance electrode modifier. The MF/AC nanocomposite was produced using a hydrothermal method. It was characterized with techniques such as scanning electron micro­scopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spec­troscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Raman spectroscopy and a vibrating sample mag­netometer. The electrochemical activity of the MF/AC-modified glassy carbon electrode (MF/AC-GCE) for PAR oxidation was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, with parameters such as scan rate and pH examined. The optimized sensor demonstrated excellent performance with two linear detection ranges for PAR: 1.0 to 9.9 µM (R2 = 0.999), and 9.9 to 47.62 µM (R2 = 0.999), with a low detection limit of 0.29 µM. The method was successfully applied to analyse five commercial pharmaceutical products, showing high accuracy, acceptable recovery rates, and strong agreement with High-performance liquid chromatography validation results. The developed MF/AC-GCE sensor provides a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly approach for the electrochemical detection of paracetamol. Its impressive performance suggests potential applications in pharmaceutical quality control and clinical diagnostics, offering a practical alternative to more complex analytical techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Phan Thi Kim Thu, Phan Tu Quy, Nguyen Mau Thanh, Nguyen Quang Man, Nguyen Hai Phong, Dinh Quang Khieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced anodic stripping determination of Cd(II) using NH2-functionalized MOF and GO-modified glassy carbon electrode
In this work, an amino-functionalized metal-organic framework (NH2-functionalized MIL-101(Fe) MOF) and graphene oxide (GO) were employed to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to prepare a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for detecting Cd(II) ions in drinking water samples. It is important to note that the high surface area, porous structure, and amino-functional groups in the structure of MIL-101(Fe) MOF can signi­ficantly facilitate the enrichment and accumulation of Cd(II) ions at the GCE surface, while the utilization of GO enhances the electrochemical performance and conductivity of the modified electrode. Due to these facts, the NH2-functionalized MIL-101(Fe)/GO-modified GCE exhibited good ability for detecting Cd(II) in comparison with the unmodified GCE. The sensing capability of the NH2-functionalized MIL-101(Fe)/GO-modified GCE was evaluated using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry under optimized conditions. Based on quantitative measurements, the as-prepared sensing platform was capable of detecting Cd(II) with a detection limit of 0.004 µM and a linear response range of 0.01 to 12.0 µM. Importantly, the ability of NH2-functionalized MIL-101(Fe)/GO-modified GCE to determine Cd(II) in the real drinking water sample further confirms the practicability of the prepared sensing platform. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a simple, cost-effective electrochemical sensing platform for the sensitive determination of Cd(II) ions, contributing to environmental protection and human health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Abdel Hasan Shallal, Weaam A. Salman, Athmar Ali Khadim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical performance evaluation of ZnCo2O4 nanoflakes for hybrid supercapacitors
This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of zinc cobaltite (ZnCo2O4) as an electrode material for supercapacitor (SC) applications. ZnCo2O4 was synthesized via an efficient sol-gel method, followed by annealing. Morphological and structural character­ri­za­tions revealed that ZnCo2O4 forms as nanoflakes with a well-crystallized structure. Electro­chemical parameters of ZnCo2O4 were examined by various electrochemical techniques in a 3 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The highest specific capacitance (Csp) of 321 F g-1 was obtained at a current density of 0.8 A g-1. The electrochemical performance of the ZnCo2O4 electrode is superior, owing to its porous nanoflake morphology, which provides numerous active sites and enables substantial charge storage. Moreover, multiple oxidation states of Zn and Co enhance redox reactions at the electrode surface, thereby improving the electrode's pseudocapa­citance. The superior electrochemical performance of ZnCo2O4 indicates that it is a promising cathode material for hybrid SC devices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deependra Jhankal, Bhanu Yadav , Preeti Shakya , Mohammed Saquib Khan, Krishna Kumar Jhankal, Kanupriya Sachdev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrocoagulation for industrial wastewater remediation: efficiency, operational optimization, and sustainable implementation
Industrial wastewater often contains high concentrations of organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, oils, and emerging contaminants, which pose significant environmental and public health risks. Identifying efficient and scalable treatment technologies has therefore become a priority for industries and regulatory agencies. Electrocoagulation (EC) has emerged as a promising method due to its operational simplicity, reduced chemical reagent requirements, and its ability to generate in situ coagulants that remove diverse pollutants. This review examines the performance, advantages, limitations, and recent advances of EC in treating industrial effluents. A structured literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in Scopus, using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 51 empirical studies published between 2014 and 2025 were analysed, covering more than twelve industrial sectors. The review compares operational parameters, pollutant removal efficiencies, energy consumption, sludge generation, and cost considerations. Results show that EC achieves consistently high removal of colour, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, oils, and metals across multiple industries, often outperforming conventional chemical coagulation. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including electrode passivation, energy demand, lack of standardized operational criteria, and limited pilot- and full-scale applications. Based on the comparative evaluation, the study recommends optimizing current density and pH control, integrating EC with hybrid processes, improving cost-energy models, and promoting industrial-scale demonstrations. These findings provide rese­archers and practitioners with an updated and comprehensive understanding of the potential and limitations of EC for sustainable industrial wastewater treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fernando García-Ávila, Cristopher García-Uzca, Samantha Quizhpilema-Marín, María J. Salazar-Armijos, Melanie Segura-Paima, Lorgio Valdiviezo-Gonzales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable electrochemical sensor for green analysis of diaveridine HCl and sulphaquinoxaline Na in food and pharmaceutical samples
In veterinary medicine, diaveridine hydrochloride (DVH) is a common antiprotozoal medi­cation, and sulfaquinoxaline sodium (SQL) is an antibacterial used to treat intestinal infec­tions, including coccidia. They are added to poultry feed as anticoccidials and their residues might be retained in chicken tissues. Therefore, there is an urgent need for fast determina­tion of the lowest possible DVH and SQL concentrations to guarantee food safety. This study used cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. A sensitive electro­chemical sensor was developed for fast and selective simultaneous determination of DVH and SQL in drug substances, chicken meat and pharmaceutical formulations. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) served as the foundation for the created tailored sensor. An excellent linearity and high correlation (0.9995 for DVH and 0.9994 for SQL) were identified in the linear responses produced for DVH and SQL utilizing CuO NPs at carbon paste electrode (CPE), which were over the range of 15.00 nM to 120.00 mM for DVH and 90.00 nM to 100.00 mM for SQL. CuO NPs/CPE was used to determine residues in chicken meat as real samples, achieving outstanding recoveries due to its high sensitivity, superior repeatability, and wide linear range. The study also emphasizes the comprehensive environ­mental impact assessment facilitated by the synergistic application of Modified Complex GAPI (Complex MoGAPI) and AGREE tools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mai Abd El-Aziz, Hadeer F. Manie, Heba Elbalkiny, Marwa I. Helmy, Dalia Mohamed, Lobna M. Abd El Halim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of the electroreduction process of indium ions from aqueous electrolyte
The work focuses on the mechanism of the electroreduction of indium ions in an aqueous electrolyte containing hydrochloric acid. The potential region for the electroreduction of indium ions on platinum (-0.3 to -1.5 V), nickel (-0.8 to -1.5 V), and Pt/In (-0.63 to -1.5 V) electrodes was determined by recording potentiodynamic polarization curves. The influence of several factors, including temperature, indium ion concentration, scan rate, and disk electrode rotation speed, on the electroreduction of indium was investigated. It was established that increasing both the temperature and the indium ion concentration in the electrolyte accelerates the reduction process. The process is primarily controlled by the diffusion of indium ions to the cathode surface. Furthermore, polarization curves were obtained using a rotating platinum disk electrode. The dependence of the current density on the electrode rotation speed at different potentials showed that the electroreduction process of indium ions in an aqueous electrolyte is accompanied by diffusion polarization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazakat Adil Aliyeva Mamedova, Vusala Asim Majidzade, Sevinj Rahim Mammadova, Asmat Nizami Azizova, Akif Shikhan Aliyev, Dilgam Babir Tagiyev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the effects of lithium excess on LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 prepared from a commercial Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1(OH)2 precursor
Optimizing the electrochemical performance of nickel-rich cathode materials, specifically Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1(OH)2 (NMC811) precursors, involves careful adjustment of several factors, including modification, calcination temperature and lithium content. In this study, we explored the influence of lithium content on the structural, morphological and electro­chemical performances of LixNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, by varying 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol.% of Li excess. An appropriate amount of Li was found to suppress cation mixing effectively. Rietveld refinement showed that increasing Li content gradually reduced cation mixing by enhancing the occupancy of Li⁺ ions at the 3a sites, thereby hindering Ni²⁺ migration. Although a higher Li addition (20 mol.%) induced a slight lattice contraction, it exhibited the highest c/a ratio (the ratio of the lattice parameters c and a in the layered hexagonal structure), indicative of a well-ordered layered structure. Furthermore, Li exceeded 20 mol.% suppressed the H2/H3 phase transition, contributing to greater structural stability during cycling. While 15 mol.% Li excess achieved the highest initial discharge capacity (185.42 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C), 20 mol.% Li excess exhibited superior capacity retention (82.05 % over 80 cycles at 0.1 C). These results demonstrate the critical role of lithium stoichiometry in maintaining structural integrity and electrochemical stability of Ni-rich NMC cathodes, offering valuable insights for the design of high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Anna Lia, Muhd Firdaus Kasim, Kelimah Elong, Farish Irfal Saaid, Maziidah Hamidi, Lailatul Isti'adzah, Azira Azahidi, Nurul Atikah Mohd Mokhtar, Muhamad Kamil Yaakob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of a cobalt(II) coordination complex in the electrochemical detection and quantification of adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands. In the bloodstream, adrenaline affects vital physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure and glycogen breakdown. Abnormal adrenaline levels can indicate underlying health disorders, with increases often seen in emotional or physical stress and diseases such as cancer and Parkinson's disease. Electrochemical methods are effective for detecting neurotransmitters, as they are fast-responding, easy to use, and highly sensitive. In this context, a novel electrochemical sensor has been developed for the precise and selective detection of adrenaline. The sensor, based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a cobalt(II) coordination complex, showed improved electrochemical performance for adrenaline detection, with a linear response range of 0.1 to 2.0 μM, a detection limit of 0.09 μM, and a sensitivity of 26.92 nA μM-1. When analysing real samples, the modified electrode showed favourable electroanalytical properties for the oxidation of adrenaline and demonstrated stability, reproducibility and suitability for use in pharmaceutical formulations. The selectivity of the sensor was confirmed by interference studies, which showed negligible response changes in the presence of common interferents, except for ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivana Škugor Rončević, Marijo Buzuk, Nives Vladislavić, Josipa Dugeč https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical sensing of dopamine in the presence of serotonin using modified screen-printed carbon electrode
The Zr-based metal-organic framework (NH2-UiO-66(Zr))/graphene oxide (GO) nano­com­posite was synthesized via a simple approach and used as a voltammetric sensing platform. By integrating NH2-UiO-66 (Zr) with GO, the resulting nanocomposite exhibits superior sensor performance due to synergistic effects. The sensor was fabricated using a straightforward drop-casting method, where a suspension of NH2-UiO-66 (Zr)/GO was applied to a screen-printed carbon electrode (NH2-UiO-66 (Zr)/GO/SPCE). The NH2-UiO-66 (Zr)/GO/SPCE sensor was then employed to determine dopamine (DA) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The NH2-UiO-66 (Zr)/GO/SPCE sensor demonstrated a linear response to DA over a concentration range of 0.001 to 800.0 µM, with a high sensitivity of 0.1002 µA µM-1. Using the DPV method, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 nM was achieved. It was further employed as a sensing platform for the simultaneous detection of DA and serotonin (STN). The DA and STN peak separation were 245 mV. The NH2-UiO-66 (Zr)/GO/SPCE sensor was successfully used to analyse DA and STN in a human urine sample, achieving satisfactory recovery rates of 97.8 to 104.2 %.
Copyright (c) 2025 Somayeh Tajik, Fariba Garkani Nejad, Hadi Beitollahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Can the development of batteries keep pace with the ever-increasing demands of consumers?
The global production of batteries, in terms of total energy content, is continuously increasing to meet consumer demands. Many gigafactories all over the world have been established to sustain the supply chain, together with smaller production lines to meet the requirements of some specific, niche applications. China is the global leader in battery production, with a worldwide production network. While the battery supply balances their demand, their performances, which are equally important to sustain the development of the society based on renewables, increase at a slower pace than the requirements of different applications. In this article, we overview the present state of battery develop­ment, indicate major limitations of the present technologies and identify bottlenecks for their further development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zoran Mandić, Grgur Mihalinec, Xing Xin, Mingjiong Zhou, Sanja Burazer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon paste electrode modified with Bi2WO6 nanosheets and ionic liquid: voltammetric assay of dasatinib in the presence of doxorubicin as two anticancer drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples
The main goal of this effort is to create an innovative electrochemical sensor for dasatinib detection in the presence of doxorubicin. It was possible to create Bi2WO6 nanosheets easily. The electrochemical performance of the Bi2WO6 nanosheets/ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode (Bi2WO6/IL/CPE) was examined in relation to dasatinib detection. Additionally, compared to the unmodified electrode, Bi2WO6/IL/CPE demonstrated good electrocatalytic activity for dasatinib oxidation. Under ideal circumstances, the current sensor (Bi2WO6/IL/CPE) was investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results showed a linear dynamic range as wide as 0.1-230.0 μM and a limit of detection of 0.05 μM. Additionally, in well-spaced anodic peaks, the Bi2WO6/IL/CPE sensor showed good analytical efficiency for detecting dasatinib in the presence of doxorubicin. This sensor showed two separate peaks for the oxidation of doxorubicin and dasatinib, per the DPV data. Furthermore, the voltammetric measurement of dasatinib and doxorubicin in biological and pharmaceutical specimens was investigated using the Bi2WO6/IL/CPE.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mayada Hadi Al-qassi, Wisam Hashim Baqer, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green inhibitor for corrosion protection of ASTM A1011 steel in saline medium using a dynamic system
Currently, inhibitors represent an economical option for protecting metals against corrosion. However, most inhibitors are synthetic and harmful to the environment. The present study focuses on estimating the anticorrosive effect of Oreocallis grandiflora extract (OGE) on ASTM A1011 steel immersed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The investigation was carried out using open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization curves to different concentrations of OGE in saline solution using a dynamic system. The results of potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that the corrosion rate of ASTM A1011 steel decreased as the OGE concentration was increased. This inhibitor demonstrated an efficiency of 64 to 88 % in enhancing the corrosion resistance of the steel substrates. The value of the free energy of adsorption was -23.59 kJ mol-1, indicating that the OGE molecules are spontaneously adsorbed onto the surface of the substrate. The results of this study showed that Oreocallis grandiflora extract has high potential as a green corrosion inhibitor, as it forms a barrier between the substrate and the corrosive solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harold Ames, Karen Tufinio, Karin Paucar, Jesus M. Falcón, Abel Vergara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Particle velocity effects on erosion-corrosion of AISI 1020 carbon steel in CO₂-saturated drilling mud
A systematic approach was adopted to independently assess erosion, corrosion, and their combined effects under controlled flow conditions that closely mimic real drilling environ­ments. This study offers in-depth insight into how increasing flow velocities alter the pre­va­iling degradation mechanism, transitioning from corrosion-dominated behaviour at lower speeds to erosion-driven processes at higher speeds. The effect of particle velocity on the erosion-corrosion behaviour of AISI 1020 carbon steel was investigated in a CO₂-sa­turated, water-based drilling mud containing 3.5 wt.% NaCl and 500 mg L-1 of sand particles (400 to 500 μm in size). Experiments were conducted using a custom jet impingement flow loop at velocities ranging from 5 to 20 m s-1. Degradation rates and surface deterioration were evaluated through total weight loss measurements and detailed analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate a substantial increase in material loss as flow velocity rises, with degradation rates exceeding 20 mm year-1 at 20 m s-1. The synergistic interaction between erosion and corrosion was most evident at lower velocities, whereas erosion alone became predominant at higher velocities. Independent erosion and corrosion tests confirmed that the material loss was caused by the combined influence of mechanical impact and electrochemical reactions. These findings emphasize that synergy decreases with increasing velocity, highlighting the transition from corrosion-assisted erosion to erosion-dominated degradation. The results provide critical insight into the velocity-dependent mechanisms of erosion–corrosion and reinforce the need for velocity management strategies to extend the service life of steel components in drilling operations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid A. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical and adsorption study of environmentally friendly inhibitor used for low carbon steel
Low-carbon steel is susceptible to corrosion in various technical applications, particularly in the petroleum industry. Typically, classic approaches like coatings have downsides, include­ing toxicity and environmental issues. Plant-based corrosion inhibitors are emerging as new, green, and affordable corrosion preventatives. In this study, an inhibitor of Portulaca oleracea roots was extracted and added in different concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm to study the adsorption mechanism at low carbon steel in 3.5 % NaCl. The effectiveness of inhibition and the rate of corrosion were assessed by using the potentio­metric polarization method. Corrosion rate measurements showed a decrease from 0.149 to 0.021 mm year-1, respectively, and the maximum efficiency of 85.7 % was obtained at 1000 ppm of Portulaca oleracea extract. The data were tested for Langmuir, Flory-Huggins, El-Awady and Freundlich isotherms, and the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit, indicating that the layer of inhibitor formed on the metal surface is a monolayer. According to the findings, the extract of Portulaca oleracea is very effective for suppressing corrosion of low-carbon steel in a 3.5 % NaCl solution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sami A. Ajeel, Zamen Karm, Basheer A. Abdulhussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design, fabrication and functional properties of titanium suboxide-based composites with low noble metal content for electrocatalytic applications
Fabrication, design and investigation of functional properties of composite materials based on titanium suboxides with low noble metal content for use in electrocatalysis has been investigated. The study particularly focuses on electrode coatings derived from titanium dioxide modified with platinum and palladium. The structural, electrocatalytic, and corrosion-resistant properties of these materials were systematically investigated. It was demonstrated that thermal treatment significantly enhances the catalytic efficiency of the coatings by reducing the oxygen evolution overpotential and improving the efficiency of hypochlorite synthesis. Optimal thermal treatment conditions (500 °C, 3 hours) were identi­fied, resulting in increased stability of the anodes containing Pt and Pd layers, as evidenced by a service life of 176 hours. The study highlights the potential of these composites for applications in oxygen evolution reactions and hypochlorite synthesis, owing to their high stability, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valentina Knysh, Heorhii Zhemela, Olesia Shmychkova, Tatiana Luk'yanenko, Alexander Velichenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of non-invasive genosensor to diagnose pancreatic cancer using miRNA-196a
This work presents the development of a diagnostic device for pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. The circulating pancreatic cancer biomarker miRNA-196a was utilized for the development of an electrochemical genosensor due to its stability in biological fluids. Immobilized single-stranded DNA conjugated with gold nanoparticles establishes a sensitive platform for the electrochemical detection of miRNA-196a. The sensor performance was evaluated for probe DNA-miRNA hybridization at optimum temperature (55 °C) using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometric techniques, achieving sensitivities of 51.10 µA pg-1 mL cm-2 and 18.28 µC pg-1 mL cm-2, respectively. The device exhibited a wide linear detection range of miRNA-196a from 14.9 aM to 14.9 nM. To the best of our knowledge, for already developed PDAC biosensors using a single biomarker or a panel of biomarkers, the widest detection range for miRNA-196a was reported as 0.05 fM to 50 pM by Guo et al. in 2018. Hence, the developed genosensor, having a detection limit of 14.9 aM and a wide detection range, may prove to be a promising tool in detecting pancreatic cancer at an early stage, and hence improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Namita Sharma, Sudha Srivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated bio-electro-Fenton approach for efficient removal of the antiviral sofosbuvir in aqueous medium: kinetics, parameters optimization, mineralization pathway, and biodegradability enhancement
The accumulation of antiviral drugs, such as sofosbuvir (SOF), in aquatic environments raises growing concerns due to their persistence and potential ecological risks. This study addresses the need for effective degradation strategies by investigating the homogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) process in a Pt/carbon felt cell for the degradation and mineralization of SOF in an aqueous medium. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize key operational parameters, including initial Fe2+ concentration, current intensity, and initial SOF concentration, targeting chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal as the main response. The model showed excellent predictability (R2 = 0.99), and the optimal conditions were identified as 400 mA current intensity, CSOF-0 = 0.1 mM, and CFe2+-0 = 0.1 mM. Under these conditions, 97% of SOF was degraded within 5 min, while complete mineralization was achieved within 5 h. Biodegradability tests revealed an increase in the BOD5/COD ratio to 0.41 after 2 h of electrolysis, indicating that the EF process can be effectively coupled with a biological treatment. The combined bio-electro-Fenton (bio-EF) approach successfully achieved complete mineralization, offering a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for the removal of recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutants from water.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelkader Zarrouk, Amine Asserghine, Clément Trellu, Miloud El Karbane, Fouad Echerfaoui, Ghizlan Kaichouh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical determination of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine using AuNPs-rGO modified glassy carbon electrode
One of the significant durability challenges is the corrosion of reinforced concrete. A gold nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNPs-rGO-GCE) was fabricated using an electrochemical reduction method for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM). AuNPs-rGO modified GC electrodes were prepared through direct electrochemical reduction of GO to rGO, followed by direct reduction of Au ions to Au on the rGO matrix. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterized the resulting AuNPs-rGO. It was found that AuNPs around 15.4 nm were highly dispersed on the rGO. The modification of GCE by AuNPs-rGO accelerates the electron transfer process and increases the conductivity of the electrode. The AuNPs-rGO modified electrode was used to simultaneously determine PAR and CPM using the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SQW-ASV) method. Under suitable experimental conditions, the SQW-ASV method using AuNPs-rGO-GCE showed a wide linear range from 23.7 to 140.0 µM for PAR and from 7.5 to 54.0 µM for CPM. The limit of detection of PAR and CPM was 7.12 and 2.54 µM, respectively. The proposed SQW-ASV method was applied to analyze PAR and CPM in samples of herbal medicine simultaneously, and the results were compared with those of high-performance liquid chromatography, with no statistical difference.
square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry
Copyright (c) 2025 Huynh Van Chung, Nguyen Hai Phong, Dao Thi Cam Minh, Ho Xuan Anh Vu, Pham Khac Lieu, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, Trinh Ngoc Dat, Doan Manh Dung, Do Thi Duyen, Dinh Quang Khieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fabrication of a sensitive electrochemical sensor based on CuS-modified carbon paste electrode for hydrazine analysis in water samples
A new electrochemical sensor based on a CuS-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was fabricated for the determination of hydrazine. In comparison with the bare CPE, the CuS-modified electrode significantly enhanced the electrooxidation performance of hydrazine by reducing the oxidation overpotential and increasing the oxidation peak current. Differential pulse voltammetry was used as the analytical method for the quantitative determination of hydrazine. The anode peak current was linearly related to hydrazine concentrations between 0.06 and 270.0 μM with a detection limit of as little as 0.02 μM. The sensor modification also showed good stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. In addition, experimental results demonstrated the reliability and effectiveness of the sensor in determining hydrazine in various types of water samples.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Amer Al-Salman, Rafah Mohammed Thyab, Muhammad Abdel Hasan Shallal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fabrication of iridium-gold nanocomposite for the detection of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
A comprehensive study of the development of a novel electrochemical sensor based on iridium-gold nanocomposite (IrAuNPs) modified electrodes for the detection of antide­pres­sants, paroxetine (PRX) and citalopram (CIT) was conducted. The sensing platform, based on a glassy carbon electrode, was modified by drop-casting IrAuNPs, which allowed for enhanced conductivity. IrAuNPs, along with their counterparts iridium nanoparticles (IrNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were synthesized from coffee waste extract (CWE) via complete green chemistry. The physicochemical properties of synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. Results showed that the CWE could reduce the respective metallic salts to form mostly near-spherical to spherical IrAuNPs, IrNPs and AuNPs with core sizes ranging from 2.02 nm to 13.27 nm. The electrochemical sensor could determine PRX and CIT in the concentration ranges of 20 to 200 nM and 1 to 10 µM, with detection limits of 0.072 nM and 0.085 µM, respectively. The sensor showed a recovery of 86 to 115.1 %. The proposed sensor demonstrated good precision and accuracy, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for drug identification in a rapid analysis time, which is crucial for applications in biological matrices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Simone Barry, Rachel Fanelwa Ngece-Ajayi, Keagan Pokpas, Candice Cupido, Takalani Mulaudzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical micromachining of galvanized iron sheets: process optimization and performance evaluation
Electrochemical micromachining (ECMM) is a promising non-traditional technique for fabricating micro-features on conductive materials with high precision and minimal thermal effects. This study focuses on the ECMM of galvanized iron (GI) sheets using sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as the electrolyte. Key process parameters such as voltage, duty cycle, and electrolyte concentration were optimized to improve machining performance in terms of material removal rate (MRR) and overcut (OC). An L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments, and signal-to-noise ratio, along with analysis of variance (ANOVA), was employed to identify the most influential parameters. Results showed that voltage signi­ficantly influenced both MRR and OC, with optimal MRR observed at 12 V, 70 % duty cycle, and 20 g l-1 NaNO3 concentration. Conversely, the minimum OC was achieved at 6 V, 50 % duty cycle and 10 g l-1 NaNO3 electrolyte concentration. SEM analysis confirmed over-etched boundaries at higher voltage and well-defined micro-holes at lower voltage. This research demonstrates the critical role of parameter tuning in enhancing the quality and precision of ECMM on GI sheets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadanasabapathi Sivashankar, Kadhiresan Santhanam , Shikandar Prasad , Mamidala Jawahar , Rajasekaran Thanigaivelan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrochemical oxidation of textile wastewater combined with 185 nm UV irradiation
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) results obtained after electrochemical oxidation and UV irradiation could hardly meet the strict discharge standard of COD for the textile waste­water after biological treatment. To further treat the textile wastewater after biological treatment, UV light at 185 nm was used in the centre of the commercial PbO2 mesh cylinder anode with the titanium cylinder cathode in a cylinder electrolyzer. Performances of electro­chemical oxidation coupled with 185 nm UV irradiation were investigated at a pilot scale under different oxidation times, current density, initial pH, and electrolyte flow rate without addition of oxidant reagents. The experimental results show that the performance of electrochemical oxidation combined with 185 nm UV irradiation is better than that of either separately applied electrochemical oxidation or 185 nm UV irradiation. 2,4-di-tert-butyl­phenol, oleamide and octadecanamide could be effectively degraded by electrochemical oxidation combined with 185 nm UV irradiation. Under optimal operating conditions, the electrochemical oxidation with 185 nm UV irradiation could reduce the COD of textile wastewater from 74.0 to 31.0 mg L-1 with the electrical consumption of 252.86 kWh per kg of degraded COD, cost of 5.78 CNY per m³ of textile wastewater, and carbon emissions of 141.10 kg CO2 per kg of degraded COD. Future research should investigate the interaction effects of variables, as well as the integration of renewable energy and broader contaminant removal capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chao Wang; Penghao Tian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CoNb2O6 embedded in graphene nanosheets as an advanced intercalation anode for high-energy lithium-ion capacitors
Intercalation anode materials are promising candidates for hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) owing to their excellent lithium storage capacity and cycling stability. In this study, a composite of CoNb2O6 embedded in graphene nanosheets (CoNb2O6@G) was synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal method and demonstrated for the first time as an intercalation anode material for lithium storage. The graphene sheets form a three-dimensional porous framework that provides abundant binding sites for the CoNb2O6 particles, effectively miti­gating particle agglomeration and volume expansion during charge-discharge cycles. The composite with the optimal graphene content of 100 mg (CoNb2O6@G-100mg) exhibited a remarkable reversible capacity of 508.5 mA h g-1 at a current density of 50 mA g-1. Furthe­rmore, the CoNb2O6@G-100mg//activated carbon (AC) LIC, in which CoNb2O6@G-100mg and AC are used as the anode and cathode, respectively, exhibited an energy density of 94.1 W h kg-1 and a maximum power density of 8750 W kg-1 within the voltage range of 0.0 to 3.5 V. The device demonstrated outstanding cycling stability, with negligible capacity loss (0.00255% per cycle) over 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. These results demonstrate the potential of CoNb2O6@G as a high-performance anode material for energy-storage devices, particularly in power-oriented applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yaohong Hai, Xu Zhang, Fuyan Ma, Yuxuan Chen, Lixiong He, Shiyi Zhang, Chunping Hou, Zhongli Zou, Kui Cheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for paracetamol based on thiacloprid nanocomposite
The study introduces a novel electrochemical sensor for paracetamol (PCM) determination based on a nanocomposite composed of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) intercalated with sodium dodecyl sulphate and thiacloprid (SDS-THI), integrated with multiwalled carbon nano­tubes (MWCNTs). The sensor aims to address limitations of conventional analytical techniques and improve sensitivity, detection limits, and portability. Electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, were employed to characterize the sensor performance. The ZLH-SDS-THI/MWCNTs sensor showed superior electrocatalytic activity, with a wide linear range (0.7 to 30 mM) and a low detection limit (LOD = 0.33 mM), outperforming several previously reported sensors. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic properties of the composite materials, which offer improved electron transfer, a high surface area, and effective analyte interaction. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, as interference studies revealed that common biological and ionic species such as ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose, lysine, chloride, magnesium, and sulphate ions, even when present at 10-, 20-, and 50-fold excess concentrations relative to PCM, caused less than 10 % signal variation. This confirms the sensor’s robustness and reliability in complex sample matrices. Overall, this work highlights the potential of incorporating unconventional organic dopants, such as thiacloprid, into layered nanostructures to enhance the performance of electrochemical sensors, offering a promising platform for the selective and sensitive determination of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental and clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khairol Harmi Mohamad Shukari, Mohamad Syahrizal Ahmad , Illyas Md Isa, Norhayati Hashim, Mohamad Idris Saidin, Rahadian Zainul, Suyanta M. Si, Sofian Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0